This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of subjective tinnitus and hearing problems among medical students. A self-administered questionnaire survey on the subjective tinnitus and hearing problems was performed among second and third grade 145 medical students in one university in 2013. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Hearing problem experienced at the highest prevalence in the past by the medical students was tinnitus (11.1%). 2. Prevalence of tinnitus in the medical students was 13.2%. 3. Prevalence of tinnitus after listening high volume music was 10.4% in the medical students. 4. Concerning the frequency which medical students listened high volume music with TV, radio, CD player etc., the frequency in the females was significantly higher than that in the males (p<0.01). 5. There were no significant differences in the frequency or the hours which medical students listened high volume music with TV, radio, CD player etc. or via mobile music player, or the volume which medical students usually listened between the medical students with or without tinnitus. These results suggest that warning and the enlightenment that music hearing by excessive volume causes hearing disorder will be important issues in future.

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Introduction Exercise is one of the factors that contribute to health, but the performance rate of exercise by women is lower than that of men. Assessment of various backgrounds and realization is necessary, when we discuss maintenance and improvement of women's health. Objective The objective of this research is to identify the factors that influence women's exercise status, how the exercises were began and continuation of the exercises, by focusing on the exercise, in order to construct strategies for middle-aged and older women's fitness. Method For 412 women who play Tai Chi Softball, a questionnaire was conducted regarding the motivation to start Tai Chi Softball, objectives, implementation status, effects, status of daily life, health conditions, and factors that affect the exercise. Survey results were categorized into four age groups (39 years old and younger, 40 years old through 59 years old, 60 years old through 69 years old, and 70 years old and older), and a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were performed on relevance to each of the survey items. Results Players of Tai Chi Softball were mostly over 50 years old, with a large portion in their 60's. The ratio of people with BMI of 24.1 or more was 15.1%. The motivations to start Tai Chi Softball included "due to a health check", "encouraged by friends", and "having spare time", and "attractive instructors" for older people. Among the objectives to start Tai Chi Softball for ages of 60 and up, "to make friends and socialize with people" was at a high rate. The popular motivations to start exercise included "existence of classes and sport clubs nearby", "attractive instructor", and "appeared to be interesting". For the implementation of exercise, there were significant differences between "facilities and places", "easy access to equipment", and "friends to do exercise with". As for excuses like "limitation of time" and "too exhausted to do exercise" at work and home, people who exercise were in better condition than ones who do not exercise. Conclusion Factors that influence the formulation of fitness habits vary according to the characteristics of targets. Tai Chi Softball is one of effective fitness. Additionally, it was thought that the feeling of accomplishment, attractive instructors, and encouragement from friends and acquaintances were the factors that strongly influenced the fitness habits.

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This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between burnout and internet addiction among female nursing students. A self-administered questionnaire survey on the mentioned determinants was performed among 134 female nursing students (mean age: 19.7 years). The subjects were divided into two groups (Burnout group, subjects with burnout or clinically depressive state; Non-burnout group, subjects with healthy mind and body or signs of burnout). The results obtained were as follows. 1. All of 4 kinds of score of self-evaluation scale of internet addiction in the burnout group were significant higher than those in the non-burnout group (P<0.01). 2. Percentage of high risk internet user in the burnout group (11.1%) were significant higher than that in the non-burnout group (0.9%)(P< 0.05). These results suggest that there are some relationships between burnout and internet addiction among female nursing students.

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The objective of this study is to clarify the actual state of "interpersonal anxiety (shyness)" and "Generalized self-efficacy" in nursing students. The study was conducted on 3^<rd> and 4^<th> year students at the school of nursing in University A, and data was collected from 132 students (with a collection rate of 85.7%). Among these, 71 were 3^<rd> year students and 61 were 4^<th>-year students. Regarding shyness, for factor 1: behavior (negativity) and factor 2: emotions (tension), the 4^<th>-year students had significantly lower scores than the 3^<rd>-year students (P<0.05) and for the 4^<th>-year students' interpersonal anxiety trend, improvement due to on-site practicums was indicated. They shyness score of those living with family was significantly lower than those living on their own (P<0.05), and there is a possibility that living with family is connected to improvement in interpersonal anxiety. Nursing students who work in part-time jobs, have a significantly lower shyness score (P<0.01), and it is possible that this improvement was due to working part-time. Moreover, nursing students with a high score for characteristic feelings of self-efficacy showed a tendency to have part-time jobs (P<0.05). It was clear that the higher the characteristic feelings of self-efficacy were, the lower the interpersonal anxiety was.

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This study reveals diet characteristics and factors affecting the diet of female nursing college students that are benefit their training. A self-conducted questionnaire on diet was performed on 211 female students at a newly established nursing college. Five (5) factors were revealed as dietary characteristics of female nursing students: "snacking habits," "quick eating," "nutritional balance," "high calorie preference," and "instant food." The results of "snacking habits" in the second-year students was significantly high then there in the third-year students (p<0.05). Students commuting from home had a significantly high incidence of nutritional balance (p <0.05), and quick eating was significantly high among students who irregular menstruation (p<0.05). Although most students have a BMI between 18.5 and 25, over 60% of students thought they were fat. While many students snack each day, there was an awareness of nutritional balance. This demonstrates the need for awareness of school year, living conditions and menstruation from the perspective of health management for female students due to their relationship with "snacking habits" "nutritional balance" and "instant food."

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Objective: The management of postprandial hyperglycemia has been a significant focus in the effort to prevent and treat many diseases. Although the effects of the contents and ingredients of meals that control postprandial glucose levels have been previously validated and reported, studies that compared the effects of these meals are virtually unknown. The objectives of the present study were to examine postprandial glucose levels in healthy young women using self-glucose measurements from fingertip blood after consuming meals via different methods and contents,and to elucidate the efficacy of these meals by comparing the rank order of their areas under the curve (AUCs). Methods: Fasting glucose levels were measured in 41 female university students (age range, 21-23 years), and postprandial glucose levels were measured in 9 of the 11 students with the highest blood glucose levels (85 mg/dL). Content of interventions: 1. Glucose consumption (oral glucose tolerance test: OGTT), 2. Basic meal (rice, boiled egg, sausage, vegetable salad, and seaweed soup), 3. Increased mastication (30 times), 4. Starting meal with vegetable salad, 5. High-fiber staple food (substitute rice with rye bread) Glucose measurements: Measurements were taken 0 (fasting, before consumption), 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after consumption. Participants conducted their own measurements. Using the blood glucose measurements, a glucose-level curve was created, and the AUC was calculated. Results: The mean fasting glucose level for the 41 participants was 80.4± 9.1 mg/dL (minimum, 58 mg/dL; maximum, 105 mg/dL; and both mode and median, 79 mg/dL). Significant differences in blood glucose levels were observed among different interventions at 30 minutes (P=0.0043) and at 90 minutes (P=0.0413). The AUC was the greatest with the OGTT, followed by the basic meal, increased mastication, and the salad-first meal. The high-fiber staple food intervention demonstrated the lowest AUC. Significant differences were observed between the OGTT and the salad-first meal (P=0.0091), OGTT and the high-fiber staple food (P=0.0015), and the basic meal and the high-fiber staple food (P=0.0092). Individual differences were observed in the rank order of the AUC of the interventions, and only 2 of the 8 students had the same rank order because the mean and rank order for each test meal were different. Discussion : Interventions by different methods and different meal ingredients showed effects on postprandial glucose levels ; however, there were few participants whose AUC rank order with their individual test meals matched the mean AUC rank order. It is necessary to further investigate whether this difference is due to individual differences or to other factors such as daily fluctuations.

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the burden among family caregivers of elderly receiving percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding. We conducted an interview survey involving five family caregivers. We qualitatively analyzed data collected through semi-structured interviews with three sons and two daughtersin-law. As a result, three themes, 14 categories, and 35 cords were extracted in relation to the burden of family caregivers. Soon after being discharged from a hospital, family caregivers had the burden of "care for PEG feeding," involving 'defection control,' and 'care for gastrostomy tube.' Experienced care for PEG feeding, the caregivers felt "fatigue in relation to nursing for PEG feeding." Continued care for PEG feeding, they suffered "conflict of receiving PEG" in relation of 'suffering from the status of declined activity in a patient' 'regret of giving up ingestion,' 'the doubt that it might be too early to have an PEG' In conclusion, nurses need for family caregivers to support continuously according to the change of care burden.

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To study how to improve students' fullness in school life when they start living alone, we carried out a questionnaire for students who live in student dormitories. Then we observed the relationship of their frequency of having breakfast and supper served in five student dormitories of Company K in Tokyo wards with students' food preference and fullness for meals. The rate of having breakfast served in a dormitory almost every day ranged from 32.4 to 78.6 % at five dormitories. Between women's dormitories, 53.6 % of students who live in a type C room (both bathtub and kitchen are equipped) had supper served in the dormitory almost every day, while the rate of students who live in a type A room (neither bathtub nor kitchen are equipped and there is not the public kitchen) were 31.6% (test for the proportion, p<0.05). Between women's dormitories, 40.2% of students in a type C room had breakfast there almost every day, while the rate of students in a type A room were 63.2% (not significant). In every dormitory, students gave fish dish as one among three most unfavorable dishes. As favorable dishes, students gave udon (traditional noodles) at breakfast, curry and rice, Hamburg steak at supper. Dormitories which had more students whose favorite is a fish dish had less students who have breakfast and supper almost every day served in five dormitories (spearman correlation, p <0.05). Dormitories which had more students whose favorite is noodles had more students who have breakfast almost every day in five dormitories. No significant relationship was shown between the number of students who had dormitory's meals and the number of students who were satisfied with dormitory's meal. In every dormitory, students required much vegetable in meals. It might be possible that the number of students who have dormitory's meals would be higher by decreasing fish dish from a menu, along with increasing noodles at breakfast and curry and rice, Hamburg steak at supper. However, statistically increased type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in Japan, possibly through a recent indication of rough and slovenly dietary habits, suggested that it would be necessary to consider novel ways of cooking fish which are harmonious with vegetables instead of decreasing fish dish from dining tables. Such effort would be helpful to give a healthier dormitory life. Our study showed that students who like fish probably do not have meals of their resident dormitory so often. To study students' preference for meat and noodles will also be necessary.

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This study clarifies the results and structure of emergency care training conducted in psychiatric nurses. The study used questionnaire data from 30 psychiatric nurses who provided consent to the study among 40 participants of emergency care training (collection rate, 75.0%). Qualitative and inductive analysis was used to classify and structure the results of participating in emergency care training into nine categories. The emergency care training provided them with an <opportunity of relearning>, helped participants reconfirm the specific way of <respiratory management> <pharmacotherapy> <physical assessment> and <recording nursing care>, and promoted them to <make use of the training experience in clinical emergency nursing> and <risk management>. Through this opportunity of relearning, they expressed <willingness to apply what they learnt to nursing care in practice>. Yet with these achievements, only a few had experience other than in psychiatry (seven, 23.3%), and in these cases <concern about practice of emergency nursing care> remained with a sincere understanding of training needs, suggesting the need for continued education.

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