Introduction: (object) It is intended to obtain a suggestion on the direction of future research to organize the methodology of research on coping behavior of mothers with infants Experimental: (Method) 25 cases were used which meet the purpose of the literature in the medical center magazine CiNii Articles that has been published from 1984 to 2013. Coping behavior, coping, psychological adjustment, psychological stress, child care were key words used. Result and Discussion: From those that are limited to mothers of early child care, mothers of preschool children in general, those surveyed, were mothers in nursing that engaged in child-rearing. The scale to measure coping behavior was seen many things other than the scale that specialize in mother of child-rearing. The coping behavior, that parenting stress, contribute depression, social support, marital satisfaction, and to-child emotion suppression has been revealed. Conclusions: By coping measure targeting the mothers of child-rearing, is multifaceted measure the coping behavior of mothers is needed in the future. In addition, the need to examine the trend of coping behavior of mothers of children monthly and review of related factors to the coping behavior of mothers has been shown.

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A lonely death, in which an elderly person dies without receiving care from loved ones, is regarded as a type of death that should be avoided. Therefore, I considered lonely death from the perspective of the independence and quality of life (QOL) of elderly people. The death of an independent elderly person (with a high QOL) is considered a "satisfying death", "happy death" or "gentle death" irrespective of being cared for by loved ones. On the other hand, the death of an elderly person who is not independent (with a low QOL) is considered a "lonely death" or "isolated death" irrespective of being cared for by loved ones. In addition to periodically checking whether an elderly person who is living alone is fine, it is also necessary to confirm his/her independence and encourage improvement in his/her independence.

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Dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in patients with type 2 diabetes becomes less efficacious as the duration of diabetes increases, but increasing the frequency of MNT counseling might counteract this. In recent years, the transtheoretical model (TTM) has been adopted for nutrition therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and emphasizes that approaches which raise the stage of behavior change and self-efficacy in patients are effective. Here, the influences of the duration of diabetes and frequency of nutrition therapy on stage of dietary behavior change and self-efficacy were surveyed. Also, the relationships of improvement in HbA1c levels with alterations in stage of dietary behavior change and self-efficacy score were analyzed. Data were collected before and 6 months after initiation of MNT from 619 patients with type 2 diabetes treated at 281 hospitals in Japan. At 6 months after initiation of MNT, both stage of dietary behavior change and self-efficacy score were higher for greater MNT counseling frequency and shorter duration of diabetes. Furthermore, the improvement in HbA1c levels following 6 months of MNT increased progressively with the stage of dietary behavior change and self-efficacy score. The results show that raising the stage of dietary behavior change and increasing self-efficacy were the major factors influencing HbA1c improvement. These findings were independent of sex, changes in medications, baseline HbA1c levels, duration of diabetes, and MNT counseling frequency. The MNT based on TTM effectively advanced the stages of dietary behavior change, increased self-efficacy, and alleviated diabetes. However, the duration of diabetes was found to influence the efficacy of the MNT.

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This study aims to compare the work-family conflicts (WFC) of female nurses with preschool children and working females other than nurses also with preschool children. For this purpose we investigated actual conditions of work and living situations with a questionnaire and evaluated the intensity of WFC. To focus on working females with preschool children, participation was limited to females making use of day care centers for children, divided into two groups: female nurses utilizing six day care centers for children attached to hospitals (n=236), and working females other than nurses utilizing two general day care centers (n=263). The two groups filled in a self-administered questionnaire survey that included the Japanese version of WFCS to measure the intensity of WFC. Participants reported not living with husbands of the two groups were excluded from the analysis. Further, working females other than nurses engaged in medical profession related work were also excluded. The relationships between the demographic data and WFCS of the two groups were evaluated statistically. Responses were collected from 136 respondents for the female nurse group (57.6%), and 170 for the working females other than nurse group (64.6%). Of these 125 responses from the female nurse and 122 from the working females other than nurse groups were used in the analysis. The medians of the WFC scores of the two groups were 52 and 45, respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences in the WFC scores of the two groups (p=0.000), and the mean rank for the female nurse group was higher than for working females other than nurse group, suggesting that the WFC scores of the female nurse group were higher than those of the working females other than nurse group. Assigning 1 for values below the median of the WFC values (low conflict) and 0 for values above the median (high conflict), a logistic regression analysis was performed. Factors that were determined significant (p<0.05) were the differences in working patterns and communication opportunities with husbands in the female nurse group (odds ratio=3.8 for full-time versus part-time nurses, odds ratio=6.8 for full-time versus shorter working hour nurses, and odds ratio=1.6 for longer versus shorter communication opportunities). These indicate that for nurses less burdensome working conditions and longer conversation times with husbands are related to the reduced WFC scores. There were no significant factors in the working females other than nurse group. Female nurses work overtime and night shifts more frequently than working females other than nurses and are likely to experience WFC. Therefore, it can be inferred that part time and shorter working hours are effective working patterns to avoid WFC. Further, it is significant that increases in communication opportunities with husbands are related to alleviation of WFC.

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The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between sexual behaviors of the high school students and the use situation of the mobile-phone. The low age of the first sexual intercourse or increase of the teenage pregnancy or artificial abortion was an issue in Japan, in recent years. It had been considered that the sexual behavior of the high school student might be affected by a friend, a family, a school, the media or others. In particular, the sexual information from the internet was the one of great influence to high school student. Nowadays, the use of mobile phones spread rapidly in Japan, also in high school student. It is guessed that the many high school student use the mobile phone to access the sexual information or communication about the sex and it might influence to their sexual behavior. To clarify the association of the sexual behavior and use of mobile phone, we conducted the inventory survey at one high school in saga prefecture, Japan. We obtained total 400 answers from high school students. We divided it into two groups in presence or absence of sexual intercourse experience (87 experienced vs 288 inexperienced) and compared the use situation of mobile phone. The four items - "The beginning to use of the mobile phone elementary school time (Odds ratio 7.19, 95% Confidence interval; 2.27-23.88)", "Calls ten minutes a day or more (7.04; 2.16-26.60)", "The e-mail transmission and reception that is higher than 50 times a day (5.00; 10.09)", "Experience of search, reading of the information about the sex using the internet (3.91; 1.97-8.13)" -were factors significantly and were related to experience of the sexual intercourse.

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The purposes of this study is to clarify the roles of occupational health nurses in order to support the return to work of workers following a leave of absence due to poor mental health, and modalities of cooperation between resources both within and outside the workplace. Date was collected regarding the necessity of supporting the return to work of those with cases of poor mental health, and modalities of cooperation from semi-structured interviews of occupational health nurses in Prefecture M, after which a qualitative inductive analysis was performed. As a result of this analysis, it was concluded that cooperation supporting workers return to work following a leave of absence due to poor mental health involves relevant individuals and agencies each playing a particular role to meet the needs of individuals who wish to return to work. These roles were revealed to be the following close supporters who assist the individual, those connected with community professionals and specialized agencies, attending psychiatrists to provide suitable treatment, a support system providing mental health measures within the workplace, and Occupational health nurses who accurately identify those in need of support and provide ongoing support. Occupational health nurses who accurately identify those in need of support and provide ongoing support should be capable of discerning the individual's condition and characteristic traits and maintain professional relationships to facilitate the proper advice and instructions needed to deliver support to meet the needs of individuals returning to work. The study findings suggested that it is necessary to hold a clearly-established legal status as occupational health nurses in the future to take on such roles.

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Purpose: The aim of this study is to more deeply understand institutional attitudes as to who should carry out return-to-work support for employees. Method: An anonymous self-completed questionnaire was given to employees at six companies. A total of 683 responses (recovery rate 76.0%) were obtained with full permission. Results: Of mental health measures which employees expected from the company, "return-to-work support" ranked highest and the education training ranked lowest. More than 60 percent of employees expected that all 6 items regarding return-to-work support should be undertaken by the managing supervisor. "Consideration for other employees" was the quality most expected of him/her. Employees' greatest expectation of medical workers from outside the company most was consultation after returning to work. Conclusions: Employees wanted support after returning to work more than any other item. Employees who have mental health conditions need both administrative adjustments and adjustments in their work environment to return to work smoothly. The managing supervisor needs to cooperate with professionals outside the company through consultation and sharing information and should manage any adjustments regarding administration and work environments.

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A qualitative and exploratory study based on a focus group interview (FGI) was conducted, involving mothers with disabilities children living in an underpopulated area, to analyze their ways of accepting attitudes towards the care and educational support for their children. The subjects were eight mothers of children who had attended and graduated from a care and educational facility for children and seven staff members. The title of the interview guide was "Receiving balanced care and educational support in an underpopulated area". Data were collected from groups of mothers and staff members, and a qualitative data analysis method was used. Interviews with the subjects of each group were documented verbatim, summarized, and categorized. Events regarding the acceptance of balanced support were categorized into "environmental requirements", "the characteristics of roles", and "consequences of the events". Regarding environmental requirements, the mothers had difficulty receiving balanced support due to bias against care combined with education and limited medical resources in the community. Regarding the characteristics of roles, they took actions based on the advice of specialists to improve their understanding of care combined with education. When viewed from the standpoint of the consequences of the events, the mothers received balanced support when they were able to consult people who understood them and their families, and positively accept the effects of care combined with education. The analysis of Mothers' accepting attitudes towards the care and educational support in their lives suggests specific approaches to support for their children.

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This study revealed the effect and issues in cognitive behavior therapy workshops on psychiatric nurses. Free descriptions on learning and thoughts concerning cognitive behavioral therapy from the responses to the questionnaire obtained from 26 of 41 psychiatric nurses (63.4% response rate) who participated in the hospital workshop on cognitive behavioral therapy were analyzed in this study. Three (3) categories demonstrating its effect and one (1) category revealing the issues were taken from the results of a qualitative inductive analysis of the free descriptions based on participation in the cognitive behavioral therapy workshop. Psychiatric nurses became aware of their own cognizance and experienced the effect of cognitive behavior therapy on them as an effect of the cognitive behavior therapy workshop. A cognitive behavioral therapy utility method for patients was also illustrated; a roleplaying skit was observed leading to the determination that psychiatric nurses acquired the desire to utilize cognitive behavioral therapy on patients. Nursing practices were reviewed at the same time this was occurring, and an assumption was made that the psychiatric nurses felt how difficult it is to utilize cognitive behavioral therapy on patients, with training for this deemed the task for the next workshop.

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This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between burnout and internet addiction among male medical students. A self-administered questionnaire survey on the mentioned determinants was performed among 112 male medical students (mean age : 21.9 years). The subjects were divided into two groups (Burnout group, subjects with burnout or clinically depressive state ; Non-burnout group, subjects with healthy mind and body or signs of burnout). The results obtained were as follows. 1. All of 4 kinds of score of self-evaluation scale of internet addiction in the burnout group were significant higher than those in the non-burnout group (p<0.01). 2. Percentage of high risk internet user in the burnout group (19.2%) was significant higher than that in the non-burnout group (1.2%) (p<0.01). These results suggest that there are some relationships between burnout and internet addiction among male medical students.

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Health tourism focusing on maintaining and promoting health has been drawing recent attention. Nutritional information is rarely provided for meals at tourist accommodations and there were no studies to date have investigated whether these meals are suitable for health tourism. The present study investigated the meals provided at four tourist accommodations in Katashina Village, Gumma Prefecture, regarding their suitability for health tourists. Based on a hypothetical man in his 50s, the energy and nutrient contents of the evening meals and breakfasts provided at each accommodation were compared with the tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases or recommended dietary allowance of energy and nutrients in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2015 for men in their 50s. The nutritional contents of the meals were also compared with the national averages reported in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2013 in order to investigate the findings in the context of the current dietary status of Japanese people. The meals provided by accommodations in Katashina Village contained plenty of minerals, vitamins and fiber, and provided sufficient energy and nutrients. However, the fat, protein and salt content were high. By reducing the fat, protein and salt content, these meals may contribute to the maintenance and promotion of health in tourists. Accordingly, taking steps to reduce fat, protein, and salt content would enable the tourist accommodations in Katashina Village to provide meals consistent with the goals of health tourism.

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This study seeks to clarify the actual state of "self-esteem" among nursing students in tertiary education prior to the beginning of long-term clinical training placements. A questionnaire survey was administered to 69 first-year and 65 second-year students enrolled in the nursing faculty of a Japanese women's university. Responses were collected from 48 first-year and 18 second-year students, for a total of 66 respondents (a recovery rate 49.2 %). As the result of the study it was found that self-esteem was high among individuals who felt satisfied with their experiences of high-school life and university enrollment. In addition, those who found their current course of study enjoyable and were able to get enough sleep (or else who felt they were able to get enough sleep) had higher self-esteem, suggesting that the quality of university life was important. Those who had many friends on campus also tended to have higher self-esteem. These results suggested the importance of supporting the formation of interpersonal relationships that can lead to campus friendships prior to the start of long-term clinical training placement.

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This study was conducted to determine what the intra-hospital certified psychiatric nurses think about their practice. We performed a semi-structured interview with four intra-hospital certified nurses who had received the education in a psychiatric hospital and gave informed consent for this study (the participation rate, 50%), two of whom were men, and two women. The mean age was 38.7 years, and the mean career length as a psychiatric nurse was 11 years. The interview was performed for a mean of 25 minutes. The results were analyzed qualitatively and inductively, and six categories were considered common to all four nurses. Subsequently, the association among those categories was assessed : the certified nurses had felt [the improvement in their nursing performance] based on upgraded skill by means of the intra-hospital education program for nurses. Their improved performance was associated with [elevated learning-motivation] and [desire to instruct other staff members]. [Insufficient hospital system], despite their [improved nursing performance], resulted in [a dilemma in which they fail to become assertively involved], suggesting the need to approach such conditions.

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