Peace and Development is the most important issue around which contemporary world evolves. Even if people of this planet partly enjoyed some of benevolent output of the development of science and technology, it was not surely whole of the story for the past couple of hundreds years. Oppression and dependence as well as the possible disaster of war were also enlarged and strengthend during this same period.
GPID (Goals, Processes and Indicators of Development Project) and SCA (Socio-Cultural Alternatives in the Changing World Project) in the HSD (Human and Social Development Project) of UN University are two of the most important research projects organized by the University which focus on the study how to find out solution to eradicate oppression, dependence and war in the developmental process of the contemporary world.
The paper evaluates GPID in comparison with SCA from the standpoint of Symposia oraganized several times by the Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University, one of research units in the network of GPID and SCA respectively since 1977 and 1979.
In the paper, at first five key concepts of GPID were explained. Secondly, the paper discussed various issues developed in each sub-projects of GPID such as conceps of development, needs, rights, alternative ways of life, visions of desirable societies, visions of desirable worlds, theories of development, expansion and exploitation processes, liberation and autonomy processes, militarization, processes of the UN system, alternative strategies and scenarios, goals indicators, indicators of territorial systems, indicators of non-territorial systems, indicators of ecological balance, politics of indicators, dialogues, networks, semiotics, mathematics, forms of presentation, methods of analysis and interregional studies etc. Thirdly, how each sub-projects could be integrated within the network was picked up in evaluating GPID by the method of comparison with SCA. In the conclusion of the paper, the meaning of importance of series of Symposia, “Peace and Development”, organized by the Institute for Peace Science, was emphasized because series of Symposia tried to integrate GPID with SCA by the spirt of Hiroshima, the most symbolic city, which experienced tragedy of atomic explosion in the evolution of history of human civilization.

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This paper introduces both the development of Third World Countries and the development cooperation/assistance by industrialized nations, viewed as issues of international politics in the present world. The writer expresses his view that development cooperation/assistance in the past decades failed more often than it succeeded. Under Section 1) he attempts to analyse the causes of past failure, and comes up with the theory that conventional concepts of “development”, which identified “Westernization” as synonymous to “modernization”, was responsible for this failure.
Under Section 2), the writer discusses what he believes are newly emerging trends in development. They reflect the past critiques on development and include a new recognition of urgency in rectifying internal economic and social injustice, and in satisfying the basic minimum needs of the most deprived people, as well as a renewed emphasis on rural development, determined self-reliant efforts, acceptance of intermediate/appropriate technology, and technical cooperation among developing countries.
Under Section 3) the writer advances a new strategy of international development cooperation based on the analyses made above. He concludes the paper by proposing that the peoples of the industrialized societies seek a third path to international development, perhaps different from either from a free market economy or a centrally-planned totalitarian economy, if the ever-deepening inter-dependent international community is to have any chance of peaceful development for all.

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Japan has been carrying out its development assistance to developing countries for more than 25 years. During these years, the Japanese Government or its executing agencies have seldom stated, in a clear and explicit way, its policy regarding development assistance. That is why the Japanese aid policies have no clear image to the outside world.
However, if one looks carefully at the Japanese aid performance and the attitude of Japanese people involved in the aid activities, one notices a basic thought underlying the Japanese aid activities: the primary objective of the Japanese development assistance is to help developing countries attain self-reliance.
It is considered that self-reliance can only be achieved through sustained efforts of developing countries and their people, after wiping out remaining colonialistic institutions and extricating themselves from economic dependency which is derived from the colonized past.
While the Western people seem to be mainly concerned with the problem of poverty and emphasize the increase of income and the improvement of income-distribution, the Japanese are more concerned with the problem of dependency and the need for developing countries to attain self-reliance.

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The aim of this article is to attempt an examination of the present state and problems of the system, process and efficiency of Japan's bilateral loans provided, as official development assistance, directly to developing countries.
The aid administration in Japan has not yet fully laid hold of a device for relating policy and objective effectively within the almost narcissistic “check and balance system based on consultation” which is the outcome of the pursuit of administrative autonomy by each of the administrative organs concerned, in the context of a multiple decentralised administrative structure for aid policy-making.

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This article surveys the appropriate technology movement and considers an appropriate co-operation for it between developed and developing countries. Contents are as follows, 1. science & technology for national development, 2. reflection on technology transfer and appropriate technology, 3. analysis of appropriate technology argument, 4. strategies and appropriate co-operation for appropriate technology. This article makes a survey of the movement of the appropriate technology in the first part, and then proceeds to the analysis of policies and problems about it.
A greater attention should be given to the technological dual structure between modern and traditional sectors on the one hand, between urban and rural areas on the other hand, in developing countries. These problems about technological dualism tend to be harder and harder. It is necessary for us to consider some new strategies for solving these problems by using the dynamics for national development in the interrelationship among social system, value system, and technological system.
As a result, for the Government of developing country it is necessary to complete following requirments to obtain the appropriate technology, (1) modernization or rationalization of communication mechanism, linking technological users, R & D organizations, transfer agents, etc., (2) making the appropriate technology criteria matched with national development plans and science & technology plans, (3) providing with policy measures and resources necessary for the aquisition and development of appropriate technology, (4) having effective administrative ability and political attitude for the sake of promoting it.

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The large-scale transfers of conventional weapons to the Third World have become a matter of growing controversy in recent years. The amount of arms trade by developing countries has grown from less than 2, 700 million dollars in 1968 to 13, 000 million dollars in 1978 (SIPRI Yearbook 1979). In addition to this trend in a decade, a new phenomenon is in existence in the late period of the 1970s.
The new trend in the arms transfers patterns of the Third World that may occur in the 1980s will result from greatly increased indigenous production. The demands of developing countries for indigenous weapons may be supported by the military technology transfers, which are widely diffused from industrialized countries as an instrument of diplomatic, military and economic policy.
The purposes of this paper are several. The first is to describe the major causes of transfers of military technology. It is clear that first and foremost reason among the pressures for indigenous weapon production is a desire to reduce dependence for suppliers. In the 1980s, such recipients will be more independent vis-à-vis the suppliers than they are today. The second purpose is to show the comprehensive process and structure of the military technology transfers into developing nations. They will be able to acquire the method to build up the facilities for equipments through considerable technical assistance by the suppliers. And finally, they will develop and obtain wholly indigenous “R & D” and production capabilities.
Spreading sophistcated technology, and increasing the number of weapon suppliers, it will be impossible for existing international systems to accomplish worldwide arms control and disarmament.

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The theoretical bases of sociology of development are critically discussed today. This sociology is usually based on modernization theory which has distilled exclusively from the historical experience of modernization process in the West.
The character of the late-starting development process is greatly different from the process of Europe, and the differences in the process persist in differences in structure of society. Ronald Dore discusses the “late development effect.” “The industrially more developed country shows the less developed only the image of its own future.” Even for Marxists it is now absurd.
Japan has been highly in debt in the importation of Western theories in the field of social sciences, and now she is also among the main importers of the Third World theories. It is about time for Japanese researchers to try to construct their own theories based on her own experience as the early late-developer. In this perspective I have tried to consider the problems of late development.

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By the mid-1960s, most of the industrialized countries had set up specific agencies for international cooperation to integrate their policies. This brought about the institutionalization of bilateral linkages of development cooperation especially at the operational level. The Development Aid Committee of OECD functioned as a strong promoter to advance aid policies of the member states, and consequently to connect those bilateral linkages as well.
Many organizations of the United Nations family were also mobilized for the United Nations Development Decade to build more complex processes of implementation within the UN family. Since projects and programs for development have been diversified, institutionalized, and synchronized throughout the world, economic aid or development cooperation can now be observed as a set of activities of a global system which might be called the international development system.
Beginning in the late 1960s, the developing countries began to insist on the idea of “the New International Economic Order”, which was to modify various aspects of the North-South relationship. In spite of unsuccessfull dialogues among them within the UNCTAD or UN General Assembly, some coordinating functions for international development remained in fact.
Thus the international development system is considered as a composition of bilateral and multirateral cooperative subsystems which are to deal with specific projects or programs at the micro level, and of the North South coordination subsystem for the micro level. Since the Oil Crisis of 1973, this system has suffered more seriously from international bureaucratization, maladjusted interfaces, and information-oriented management; although the concept of new policies such as “Basic Human Needs” or “New International Economic Order” would be quite effective at the global or national level, neither could serve as a cure for the systemic pathology.

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[in Japanese]

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