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Volume 31 (1962)
- Issue 6 Pages 371-
- Issue 5 Pages 299-
- Issue 4 Pages 221-
- Issue 3 Pages 129-
- Issue 2 Pages 61-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Predecessor
Volume 31, Issue 5
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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(VIII) On the formation and development of the midgut epithelial foldsSadajiro YAMAGUCHI1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 299-305
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper deals with studies on the formation and development of the midgut folds of silkworm larva, Bombyx mori L. Observations were carried out anatomically. The results thus obtaind are as follows.
(1) The midgut folds appear respectively:(a) on the posterior division in the last stage of the first instar larva, (b) on the middle division during the second and third instar, and (c) on the anterior division after the third instar.
(2) The folds are distinctly numerous in the posterior in comparison with the other divisions.
(3) The folds are shallow and simple in shape until the third instar, but afterward they become deep and complex, especially in the fifth instar.
(4) It may be thought that there are two processes to form the folds, one of which is formed as a rised-type in consequence of the growth of regeneration cells, and another is formed as a sinktype owing to the omission of degenerated or injured cells.
(5) The growth ratio of the midgut folds is parallel with that of the body length during the first to fourth instar, but after middle stage of the fifth instar it becomes larger than that of the body length when the length of epithelium is measured as a straight line by the stretch of the folds.
(6) The bottom of the fold seems to be a crypt which may accumulate a secretionView full abstractDownload PDF (1845K) -
(IX.) Absorption and distribution of iron in midgut epitheliumSadajiro YAMAGUCHI1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 306-310
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to know the functional differentiation of the midgut of silkworm larva, absorption and distribution of irons were investigated histochemically.
In midgut epithelium cells of the larva, irons present in both ferrous and ferric forms. But the reactions of these irons are quite weak in the cells of the larva reared normally. When they are administrated ferrous or ferric chloride with diet, or mulberry leaves, adding a small quantities of sucrose for promoting their appetite, the reactions of Fe++or Fe+++ become strong.
There are some local differences in distribution of irons in the tissue. Considering from the observations, they are more absorbed and stored in the cells of the posterior portion than in the middle and anterior portions. The anterior portion except the frontest end absorbs a quite small quantities of irons
.A high activity of catalase presents in the posterior portion of midgut of the larva cultured normally. In the middle and anterior portion, the activities are rather weak. When ions are given per os, catalase activities in the gut become higher. In this case, the posterior portion shows the highest activities than the other portions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1327K) -
(IV) On xanthine dehydrogenase activity of silkworm larvae with special reference to digestive organYoshiyuki HAYASHI1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 311-316
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSXanthine dehydrogenase activity in digestive organ with special reference to the mid-gut wall of silkworm larvae (5th instar) was demonstrated by both the anaerobic Thunberg method using tetrazolium salt (TTC) as hydrogen acceptor and aerobic procedure using methylene blue ashydrogen carrier.
The xanthine dehydrogenase activity in the digestive organ of silkworm larvae is concentrated in the mid-gut wall, where the activity of the posterior part of the wall was superior to that of the anterior one.
Changes in the xanthine dehydrogenase activity of digestive organ in 5th instar larvae display a complex pattern and two peaks can be distinguished. The first peak shows small of the activity during the first 6 days of the last instar, and second peak reaches maximal level on 8th day (before the matured stage), then it decreases when the larva proceeds to the matured stage.
The enzyme activity in the blood was not detected throughout the last instar.
The uric acid formation by homogenate of digestive organ was maximum at the middle of the instar following small peak at before the full grown larva.
Effects of the starvation on the xanthine dehydrogenase activity of digestive organ are little, i.e., the activity was a little lower with starved larva than with normal one.View full abstractDownload PDF (891K) -
(I) Amount of food consumed, amount of food digested, and coefficient of digestibilityFumio MUKAIYAMA, Toshio ITO1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 317-322
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDigestion experiments were carried out by the use of artificial diets (Table 1) with silkworm larvae grown on the same diets, during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar, respectively. Daily changes of body weight, of dry weight of food consumed, of dry weight of food digested, and of coefficient of digestibility are represented in Figs. 1-3 by each instar. Table 2 shows total figures or mean values of these items during respective whole instar.
Coefficients of digestibility were almost the same as those reported for rearing on mulberry leaves, so far as the present composition of diets is concerned. Dry weight of food consumed and that digested were less than those for reported with mulberry leaves; approximately 50% or less. More food (dry weight) was required (consumed and digested) for unit gain of live body weight with artificial diets than those with mulberry leaves (Table 3).
Growth was reduced on artificial diets as compared with mulberry-rearing. This is considered to be caused, judging from the present results, by (i) less food consumption and accordingly less food digestion and (ii) less efficiency of artificial diets. The present experiments are useful not only for the evaluation of food value of artificial diets but also for the analysis of the mechanism of feature of digestion and utilization of food in this insect.View full abstractDownload PDF (881K) -
(VII) On the water evaporation from the spiracle and cuticular surface with some considerations on related problemsJunro NUNOME, Fujiyoshi MATSUBARA1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 323-328
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbout 66 per cent of the total amount of water evaporation from the fifth instar larva of the silkworm comes out through the spiracles and 34 per cent from the cuticular surface.
When the spiracles are closed with enamel, the total amount of water evaporation decreases according as the operation proceeds from the 8th abdominal segment to the anterior ones. And the operation in the posterior half of the body causes larger effect on the evaporation than that in the anterior half.
Therefore, under normal conditions, the amount of evaporation from spiracles on the posterior half of the body seems to be larger than that from spiracles on the anterior half of the body.View full abstractDownload PDF (1087K) -
Chikashi SUZUKI, Ryoji KIMURA, Kiyoshi SUZUKI1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 329-334
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Relation between microclimatic environment around silkworm larvae and occurrence of the disease in the larvae when they were inoculated per os with tetragonal cytoplasmic polyhedra (Ct) was investigated.
2. Under some unsuitable environments there occurred several kinds of diseases such as Ct, Ch, N, NCh and F.(See Table 1).
3. When the environment was unsuitable for the larvae, increase in total attack-rate of the disease in those inoculated with a small quantity of Ct was larger than that of non-inoculated ones, while no difference was found between them when the environment was quite suitable. Ratio of attack-rate of Ct to total one of victims of related diseases became larger with the total attack-rate.
4. When the dose of Ct in the suspension for the inoculation was exactly small, the latent period of Ct in larvae under a suitable environment was longer than that under a unsuitalbe one.
5. It is supposed that the occurrence of pathogenic induction of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis may, if ever, be hardly happened under severe incubating- or rearing-conditions or cold treatment, and that the infection will play an important role in disease induction of the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1018K) -
Takao MITSUEDA, Mineo UMETSU1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 335-340
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper a few observations on the sources of the first outbreak of mulberry rust in spring, caused by Aecidium mori BARCLAY were described. The writers demonstrated that mycelia of the causal fungus had hibernated in the invaded tissues of mulberry branch and the outbreak of this disease in the next spring had probably originated from the mycelia, having entered the tissues below the resting bud until late autumn the year before. It was found out that there were at least three different cases (A, B and C) of the mycelia invasion below resting bud during last year and the primary infection caused by these mycelia would occur in the next spring.
A. Mycelia, developed at the affected patch on the branch, invade into the inner tissue of it. In this case, each patch may be almost found near the base of the winter bud. Data obtained showed that 80 to 90 per cent of the observed patches were counted only within 5mm distant from the basal portion of the primary diseased shoot in the next spring.
B. Mycelia, caused by the affected area on the leaf in the previous year, extend into the branch tissue below the resting bud through the petiole before leaf fall. In this case, the affected patch was not discovered on the branch.
C. Evidently, mycelia, as well as A and B cases, overwintered in the branch tissue below the winter bud, however, their originated process was unsettled.
In the B and C cases, it may be expected that the primary diseased shoots in spring will appear in the absence of affected patch from the branch.View full abstractDownload PDF (2156K) -
Yoshikazu NAKAGAWA, Seitaro SATAKE1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 341-345
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) On succession of rates of scouring loss of the cocoon layers among various races of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., we have adopted a hypothesis according to the direction of evolution of the silkgland. It is that “the rates of sericine in the cocoon layers become higher in proportion to the improvement of the silkgland from smallar to larger ones in the races of silkworm”.
2) We have investigated the rates of scouring loss of the cocoon layers in 37 races and 5 hybrids, which include both old races and newly improved races. The result shows that there is a high correlation (r=+0.80) between the amount of cocoon layers and the rates of scouring loss of them. It has proved that the races of heavy cocoon layer show a high rate of the scouring loss. So, it seems that the rates of their scouring loss have become higher and higher in proportion to the improvement of the races from thinner cocoon layer to thicker one. This fact may support the hypothesis shown in 1) of this summary.
3) Further, two races, 115-thin (thin cocoon layer) and H5-thick (thick one), originated in a European race, Pirénées, were examined for the comparison of their scouring loss between them. The results showed that the rate was far higher in the H5-thick than in H5-thin. This fact may support the speculation in 2) of this summary.View full abstractDownload PDF (872K) -
(I) Magnesium deficiency development in its relation to magnesium uptake and its distribution into each organ in mulberry tree.Akira GOTO1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 346-354
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeficiency development of magnesium on mulberry tree was studied in relation to its uptake and distribution into each interior organ. Experiments were made using mulberry tree cultured in pot and in the field both on high and low magnesium level. Samples were taken from mulberry tree organs at several growing stages. Results obtained will be summarized as follows:
1) Magnesium uptake by mulberry tree from soil will begin about the early stage of assimilation, becomes maximum at the highest assimilation stage and thereafter decrease.
2) The major part of magnesium uptaken by mulberry tree may be accumulated in leaves at the assimilation stage. The rate of magnesium accumulation and the concentration of magnesium in leaves were increased with the content of magnesium in soil. At the assimilation stage, therefore, mulberry leaves will play the role of a reservoir for temporarily holding the surplus of magnesium. But, at the storing stage in autumn, magnesium may be stored in root, of which content is scarcely influenced by the content of magnesium in soil.
3) A remarkably closed relationship in magnesium content was found between soil and mulberry leaves, while the magnesium content in stem, petiole and stub was less influenced by that in soil.
4) The translocation of magnesium in mulberry tree may be carried out in water-soluble form or in the like.
5) The development of magnesium deficiency symptom on leaves will be directly caused by insufficient supply of magnesium from soil to mulberry tree for the normal growth at the later assimilation stage and by low content of magnesium temporarily stored in leaves.
6) An improved method for the determination of magnesium in mulberry tree was proposed.
(Sericultural Experiment Station)View full abstractDownload PDF (1671K) -
Relation between temperature of the acid and effective length of the treatmentYoshiteru MIZUTA, Sadao TOMABEJI1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 355-358
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation was studied treating silkworm eggs (20.5±3 hours old at 25°C) of (C115×C124)×(N122×N124) variety with hydrochloric acid solution (sp. gr. 1.100 at 15°C). The temperatures of acid solution and lengths of treatment tested are shown in Table 1 with corresponding hatchabilities of eggs. Effective range of the length of treatment to obtain hatchability of 90 per cent or more becomes narrower along with rise of temperature from 2, 160 mins. at 0°C to 1.25mins. at 50°C, and the median point of the range (Table 2) also changes with temperature as shown in Fig. 1 (Abscissa: temperature, Ordinate: log. of median point in minute). This relation can be represented by the following formula within the limits of temperature from 0°C to 45°C,
logY=3.5248-0.0610X
where X is temperature of the acid solution and Y is the median point.
(Shinjo station for the Reproductive Silkworm-Eggs, Sericultural Experiment Station, Shinjo, Yamagata-ken)View full abstractDownload PDF (614K) -
Masaru YAMAMOTO1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 359-365
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The pith of the fasciated shoot was irregular in shape in cross section compaired with the normal one. The internal irregular pith growth occurred, prior to the external irregular shoot growth, during the end of June to the middle of July, at the height of about 30% of the full length of the shoot. The external fasciation occurred about 35-36 days later varying somewhat according to individuals) of the internal irregular pith growth, most frequently during the beginning to the middle of August. The internal irregular pith growth took place at the same time of the most rapidly growing stage, and the external fasciation at a later period.
2. The relation between the occurrence of fasciation of shoot and the branching form or the yield was studied on a mulberry variety R, in which abundant fasciated shoots were observed. The author found no relation between the occurrence rate of fasciation and the number of shoots in one trunk, but some relation between the former and the length of shoot. The fasciation occurred frequently in longer shoots in one trunk and in larger trunks. The relationship between the occurrence rate and the leaf yield was less significant. From the facts mentioned above, it is assumed that the occurrence of fasciation of shoot is correlated with the growth of shoots, especially the rapid elongation of them.
(Kyushu-branch, Sericultural Experiment Station, Kumamoto)View full abstractDownload PDF (1141K) -
Sakae SAKATE, Shoichi NAKASONE1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 366
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (160K) -
Fukuo NAKAJIMA1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 367-368
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (559K) -
[in Japanese]1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 369-370
Published: October 25, 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
1962 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 370
Published: 1962
Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (519K)
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