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Volume 43 (1974)
- Issue 6 Pages 445-
- Issue 5 Pages 361-
- Issue 4 Pages 277-
- Issue 3 Pages 195-
- Issue 2 Pages 105-
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Volume 43, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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XI. Identification by the Gaschromatography-massspectrometry of hydrocarbones from exuviae in 5th instar larvaeTakeshi MURATA, Seiji TAKAHASHI, Masayoshi SHIKATA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 105-110
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe hydrocarbon components in the extract from the exuviae of the 5th instar silkworm were determined by a GC-MS combined system. Extraction with ether was done by means of a soxhlet extract apparatus. The extract was developed by the thin layer chromatography, and the hydrocarbon band was scraped and extracted again with chloroform to be the sample for the GC-MS analysis.
The gas chromatographic column was 1% OV-1 on silanized chromosorb W (80-100 mesh), packed in a glass column, 2m×3mmφ.
To obtain a high sensitivity at a high temperature and to eliminate background peaks on mass spectra, the OV-1 column was conditioned at 280°C for about four days. The column temperature was programmed from 190°C to 250°C at 2°C/min. The carrier gas was helium, 43 ml/min. A Ryhage type separator was used at 270°C. A total ion collector was used as the detector for GC-MS. The ion source temperature was held at 330°C. The mass spectra were all obtained at 70eV of electron energy, 3.5kV of accelerating voltage and 60μA of trap current.
Fig. 1 shows the chromatogram of hydrocarbons extracted from the 5th instar exuviae. Of the 26 hydrocarbons, 15 components are n-alkanes, 80% of which are of the odd carbon numbers. The eleven iso-alkanes are, unlike n-alkanes, mostly of the even carbon numbers. Fig. 2 shows the representative mass spectra, Fig. 2(p-12) shows the mass spectrum of n-heptacosane, Fig. 2 (p-14) 3-ethylhexacosane, Fig. 2 (p-17) 11, 12-dimethyloctacosane, and Fig. 2 (p-18) 9-methyltriacontane.
Figs. 3, 4 and 5 show the fragmentation schemes of these hydrocarbons. The ions at m/e 365, m/e 168, 169, m/e 196, 197, m/e 224, 225, m/e 252, 253, m/e 295 and m/e 323 are important fragments.
A certain relation was found between the quantitative distributions of n-alkanes and isoalkanes, from the gas chromatogram in Fig. 1 and Table 1. (Table 2)
It is noticeable that 9-methyloctacosane is found in the peak 14. The hydrocarbons in the exuviae are mostly saturated ones and unsaturated hydrocarbons are hardly found.View full abstractDownload PDF (478K) -
I. In vitro culture in various culture mediumYoshiki OHTSUKI, Toshio KITAZAWA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 111-118
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDiapause silkworm eggs were kept at 25° and 30°C after deposition, respectively, and cultured in vitro after removing from chorion at various stages of diapause. Culture medium used for experement were G. I. T. C. M. (G solution), a balanced salt solution (S-2 solution), NaCl solutions with various concentrations and liquid paraffine containing neither nutrients nor salts. After 14 days' culture, the eggs were dissected in a NaCl solution and the development of embryos was examined morphologically. The results obtained are as follows:
Embryos could resume their growth at any stage of diapause from 2 to 140 days after deposition and developed well in both of the G and S-2 solution. Most of them developed beyond the stage of bristle formation within 14 days' culture and someones reached almost the stage of abdominal pigmentation. These results show that the diapause of silkworm eggs can easily be terminated by in vitro culture irrespective of the age of eggs, that is, the stage of diapause which is a determining factor in the artificial hatching of diapause eggs by chilling.
The termination of diapause was observed in NaCl solutions within a considerably wide range of concentration from 0.40 to 0.90%; especially, all the embryos tested showed evident growth at 0.85% and some of them reached the stage of bristle formation. The termination of diapause and the subsequent development of embryos seemed to be better in a little hypotonic NaCl solution than in a hypertonic one.
Similar resumption of embryonic growth also was observed in liquid paraffine
From these results, it is considered that various ingredients of the G and S-2 solutions are not essential factors for the termination of diapause.View full abstractDownload PDF (2657K) -
(1) p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and other phenolic carboxylic acidsHisami NISHI1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 119-128
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author clarified the degradation products of tyrosine residue in the silk fibroin by UV rays and alkali, which residue was abundant in the fibroin and supposed to be a factor of yellowing, and proposed the degradation course of it.
1. p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and phenol-like substances are obtained from the UV irradiated fibroin by a few hours' alkali hydrolysis and from the unirradiated fibroin by a long alkali hydrolysis.
2. p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and phenol-like substances are also obtained from the UV irradiated tyrosine and alkali degradated one.
And also, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid are obtained from the UV irradiated or alkali degradated p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid is obtained from the UV irradiated p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
3. From these facts, tyrosine residue in the fibroin exists as a peptide of p-bydroxyphenylpyruvic acid by UV irradiation or alkali degradation, and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is produced by hydrolyzing of its peptide, and a part of it is decomposed into p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Also, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid on peptide forms a factor of yellowing in silk fibroin.View full abstractDownload PDF (609K) -
The mineral composition and electrokinetic phenomena of clay particles of reclaimed land for mulberry fields in hyogo prefectureMinoru KITANO, Shigenobu ADACHI, Akira WATANABE1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 129-137
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between the mineralogical composition and colloid-chemical properties of clay particles of reclaimed lands for mulberry field was studied on Nakamura soil, Osaka soil, Miyake soil, Akasaka soil, and Yokawa soil of Hyogo prefecture. The mineralogical composition was studied by the X-ray diffraction method and the zeta-potential was measured by the ultramicro-electrophoresis. The results obtained were as follows:
1) The clay mineral of Nakamura soil and Osaka soil were rich in the illite, while Miyake soil consisted mostly of chlorite (trioctahedral) with very small amounts of Al-inter layer mineral, primarily quartz. However, Yokawa soil clay showed clearly the variable expansion depending on the saturating cation K or Ca and glycerol, the soil clay are composed mostly of montmorillonite. These soil clay minerals were dominated by a single mineral respectively and were dependent upon the parent rock material.
2) These clay particles have the negative charge over the pH range from about pH 3 to 10. The negative zeta-potential decreased markedly with the decrease in pH in the case of the mulberry field soils tested. However, in the case of Yokawa soil clay (uncultivated soil rich in montmorillonite clay), the zeta-potential was almost independent on pH over the pH range from about 3 to 6. The zeta-potential at high pH increased markedly with the increase of additional negative charge on all clay particles.
3) The negative zeta-potential of clay particles decreased with the increase in the electrolyte concentration (thorium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate and calcium nitrate), but point of zero charge, i, e, the electrolyte concentration at which the particle charge become zero differed markedly from clay to clay (Akasaka soil<Miyake soil<Osaka soil<Nakamura soil<Yokawa soil). This sequence could be explained by the clay mineral compositions of the soils.View full abstractDownload PDF (906K) -
Kazuo TOTANI, Harumi YAKUWA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 138-145
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, one of the authors (Totani, 1970) reported that some inverted eggs were observed in ovarioles of 7-day-old silkworm pupae of N 131, a Japanese variety. In this paper a further study of the inverted eggs is dealt with.
The inverted eggs are distinguished by their micropyle-anterior position from normal micropyle-posterior ones in ovarioles and always accompanied by conjoined eggs which are located in the adjacent position toward the upper part of them (Plate I).
Two conjoined eggs in the same cavity consit of a normal oocyte and seven nutritive cells, respectively, and are separated from each other by the folicular epithelium or chorion (Plate II).
Some conjoined eggs were found amongs normal eggs deposited on egg cards (Table 1 and Plate III).
The number of inverted eggs and the distribution of them differ with ovarioles even in the same individual.
Moths of N131 in which the occurrence of inverted eggs was more frequently. found laid more eggs invertedly than those of the other varieties examined.View full abstractDownload PDF (5554K) -
VI. Induction of the localized sex expression in monoecious mulberry (variety: Risô) twigs by transitional alteration of NAA treatment at mid-growth stage of the shootKichisaburô MINAMIZAWA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 146-149
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to induce the localized sex differentiation artificially, NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) was applied with the transitional alteration at mid-growth stage of patroclinous mulberry(variety: Risô). A synopsis of the results is as follows:
1. When the growing shoots were transferred from the NAA treatment to the intact condition, the matroclinous sex expression was developed on the under portion of these shoots, while the patroclinous one prevailed on the upper portion of the same shoots.
On the contrary, when the shoots were grown under the reverse condition of NAA treatment, their sex expressions resulted in the opposite direction as compared with the above.
Furthermore, repeated treatment of NAA induced matroclinous sex expression and continuous intact condition gave rise to the patroclinous sex expression.
2. On the other hand, the growth of shoot under the NAA treatment was much less than that of the control.
3. From the fact that such a localized alteration of sex expression induced artificially in this experiment, it may be considered that there exist an intimate correlation between the NAA treatment and female expression.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Yoshinobu ARATAKE, Turuo KAYAMURA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 150-156
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
XII. Change of the hydrocarbons in the cuticular lipids during the metamorphosisMasayoshi SHIKATA, Takeshi MURATA, Motoyoshi KAIHATU1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 157-162
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHydrocarbon contents were compared about the lipids of exuviae obtained from larval, pupal, and imaginal molting, and superficial lipids of cuticle of the living 5th instar larvae and pupae.
Consideration was also given about the role of the hydrocarbons in molting procedures.
In order to study the influence of the foods on the exuvial lipids composition, comparison was made about exuviae of the 5th instar and pupae reared on mulberry leaves and those reared on prepared foods.
1) n-C27 exists in the largest amount in all of the exuviae samples and superficial lipid samples of cuticle of living larvae. The exuviae of the 4th instar contains more than 10% each of n-C25, n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31, and the exuviae of the 5th instar and the superficial lipids of the 5th instar n-C25, n-C27 and n-C29. The exuviae of pupae and the superficial lipids of pupae contain more than 10% of n-C27 only hydrocarbon.
2) n-alkanes is contained to the amount of 95.2% of the hydrocarbons content in the exuviae of the 4th instar. But the hydrocarbon content decreases with the metamorphosis pupation and imagination…to 35.4% in the exuviae of the pupae. The iso-alkane content on the hand, increases with metamorphosis.
3) The total odd chain content is 90.3% in the exuviae of the 4th instar, but it decreases with metamorphosis. It is only 48.7% in the exuviae of the pupae. The total even chain content, on the other hand, increases with metamorphosis.
4) The exuvial lipids content which increases greatly just before pupal molting contains much iso-alkanes. This seems to ease the pupal molting in the cocoon.
5) Compared with those reared with mulberry leaves, in case of those reared with prepared foods, the lipid hydrocarbons composition in the stage of pupal molting is more similar to that of larval molting.View full abstractDownload PDF (572K) -
Masazumi NIHMURA, Jiro KIRIMURA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 163-170
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) By screening antiseptics in the artificial feed for the silkworm, we found out that proponic acid was more suitable than any other antiseptics tested, when added to the feed at 1.5 to 2.0% on the dry basis, and that, when the feed was easy to rot, sorbic acid also could be added at 0.2% on the dry basis.
2) Chloramphenicol did not preserve the artificial feed from decay but promoted growth of the silkworm.
3) Propionic acid was found not only to have antiseptic effects but also to cause feeding stimulation to the silkworm, a part of which was considered to be the masking effects of other repellent materials in the artificial feed.View full abstractDownload PDF (652K) -
Eiji KANKE1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 171-174
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHaemolymph protein of fifth instar larvae of the silkworm infected with the infectious flacherie virus was subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gel.
Electrophoretic patterns in healthy larvae showed 3 to 4 bands in a silkworm strain of Shungetsu and 5 to 6 bands in a hybrid between strains Kokko and Seihaku, respectively. In virus infected larvae, however, decrease or disappearance of protein bands was observed distinctly with the advancement of the disease. Protein bands with low mobility disappeared in early time of the infection. There was little difference between male and female in these changes of haemolymph protein, and a defect of production of female protein in infected female larvae.View full abstractDownload PDF (2018K) -
Fujio KATSUMATA1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 175-184
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
1974 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 185
Published: April 28, 1974
Released on J-STAGE: July 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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