The structure of the spiral limbus of the guinea pig and human was observed light microscopically and electron microscopically. The shape of the spiral limbus is quite different. It appears to be shorter in hight and flatter in human. The cellular composition is same both, but in human the number of cells is much less by the replacament with intercellular substance. In the pathological limbus due to the obliteration of the ductus reuniens in the guinea pig, the severe degenerative change was introduced with cochlear hydrops.

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In the present study, antibodies against the synthesizing enzyme for dopamine (anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, TH), noradrenalin (anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase, DBH), and adrenalin (anti-phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase, PNMT) were used to identify the presence of catecholamine containing neurons within the guinea pig vestibular endorgans. Noradrenergic (TH, DBH-positive/PNMT-negative) fibers were found in the stroma of cristae ampullares and maculae. Ultrastructurally, immunoreactive fibers were distributed near myelinated, non-myelinated nerve fibers, and blood vessels.

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In this immunoelectromicroscopic analysis, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) -like immunoreactive (CGRPI) fibers were identified to make the synaptic contact with the nerve chalices which surround the type I cells in the vestibular end-organs. But no synaptic contact between CGRPI fibers and type II cells was found. Therefore, it is suggersted that CGRP containing efferent fibers are involved in the regulation of the transmission of the vestibular information from the type I cells.

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CGRP immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals in the organ of Corti were studied by correlative immuno light- and electron-microscopic observation. Light-microscopically, thick CGRP-positive nerve bundles were found in the intraganglionic spiral bundle, a dense network in the inner spiral bundle (ISB) and outer spiral bundle. Some of the CGRP fibers of the ISB could be traced into outer spiral bundle. The tissue were then cut into ultrathin section and observed under EM. In the ISB, numerous number of axo-axonic contact between CGRP nerve terminals and non-immunoreactive affrerent fiber. Some of CGRP nerve terminals in the ISB formed direct synaptic contact with inner hair cells. In the outer hair area, a number of axo-somatic contact between CGRP immunoreactive nerve terminals and outer hair cells were found.

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In the present study, antibodies against the synthesizing enzyme for dopamine (anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, TH), noradrenalin (anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase, DBH), and adrenalin (anti-phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase, PNMT) were used to indentify the presence of catecholamine containing neurons within the guinea pig cochlea. Dopaminergic (TH-positive/DBH, PNMT-negative) fibers and terminals were found in the inner spiral bundle (ISB) and tunnel spiral bundle (TSB). Ultrastructurally, synaptic contacts between dopaminergic efferent terminal and afferent dendrite were seen in the region of the ISB. Noradrenergic (TH, DBH-positive/PNMT-negative) fibers were distributed around the blood vessels.

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The cochlear sympathetic nerve supply in hearthy guinea pigs was studied by immunohistochemical demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH). The cochlear sympathetic nerve fibers originated in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion and reached the Schwann-glial border of the cochlear nerve via the labyrinthine artery. Some of these fibers ran among the cochlear nerve fibers to go directly to the osseous spiral lamina and others enrered the intraganglionic spiral bundle to head toward the osseous spiral lamina of the upper turn. Along their course, sympathetic fibers came close to the nodes of Ranvier of type I neurons and acetylcholinesterase-positive unmyelinated fibers in the intraganglionic spiral bundle. Most of the fibers finally ended adjacent to blood vessels, especially around the tympanic lip vessels. These fibers were rarely observed at the habenula perforata and in the organ of Corti.

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9 temporal bones (8 normal and 1 abonormal) were extracted from fresh cadavers. The effects of fistula at lateral semicircular canal, incudo-stapedial joint separation, removei of incus, cutting of tensor tympani tendon and anterior ligament of malleus and removal of malleus upon the middle ear dynamic characteristics were examined with the newly developed measuring apparatus.

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Vibration mode of the malleus was investigated in nine fresh human temporal bones using a video-measuring system (Technical Instrument Co). The vibration amplitude and phase angle of the umbo and malleus head were measured between 0.1 kHz and 4.5 kHz. The umbo moved piston-like at 0.1-0.8 kHz and 2.6-4.5 kHz but in an ellipse at 1-2.4 kHz. The malleus head showed elliptical movement. The position, displacement and phase angle of the rotation axis of the malleus was calculated based on the displacement and phase angle of the umbo and malleus head. The axis was around the level of the neck in frequencies lower than the resonant frequency, beneath the level of the short process near the resonant frequency and the top of the malleus head in higher frequencies. The average axis displacement was 0.9 microns at 1 kHz.

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A new type of ossicular prosthesis made of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy wire was developed and its biocompatibility was examined in 10 ears of 5 cats. The prosthesis was implanted at the long crus of incus easily. The incus were examined 242 to 355 days after operation. In 8 ears, the prosthesis was found well implanted. In 2 ears, the incus was resolved severely to moderately. In 3 ears examined in periods of 135, 181, 196 days without implantation but with procedure in which mucous membrane of incus was partially removed, severe resorption of the long crus of incus was observed respectively. In all 13 ears, the endochondral bone of incus was gradually replaced by viable cortical bone. A Ni-Ti shape memory alloy has been proved to be useful for ossicular prosthesis.

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We examined the biomechanical properties of Bull Frog tympanic membrane under static as well as dynamic pressure conditions, using the manufactured faigue testing machine for biological soft tissue materials. 1. The stress relaxation is the property of a visco-elastic material which we had already shown in the collagen membrane experiment, was confirmed in the relaxation test. 2. In the fatigue test, the applied load contianed to decrease even after the time which no decrease in the applied load was seen in the relaxation test. From the point of the strength of the material, there is a on-off behavior by the degree of the initial load in the relaxation test, while in the fatigue test there is a time dependent deterioration controlled by the cyclic effect.

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Observation of the vibration of the human ear drum using ultrasonic pulse doppler method has previously been reported elsewhere at our department. The present study includes, besides the human study, observetion of the guinea pig ear drum vibration under general anaesthesia and controlled respiration with tracheostomy. We were able to detect fine vibration of both the human and the guinea pig ear drum being responded to various sound stimuli by using the same ultrasonic pulse doppler apparatus with a fine probe, 1mm in diameter. We would like to emphasize the advantage of this method applying to the audiological investigation.

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Mechanical properties of tympanic membranes in guinea pigs and human beings were measured by using the microtension tester. The test was carried out by changing speed (1, 25, 50mm/min), changing tension direction (right angle and parallel to radial fiber). There was no significant difference in the tensile strength by changing tension speed. Referance to tension direction, parallel to radial fiber was 9.1 times stronger in guinea pigs, 1.3 times stronger in human beings than right angle to radial fiber.

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The eardrum reflectance is a convenient indicator compared to the eardrum impedance, especially at higher frequencies. This paper describes an improved system to measure the human eardrum reflectance by estimating the standing wave patterns. Sound pressure amplitude was measured in the occluded ear canals of 10 human subjects for applied pure tones of 4 to 6 kHz. Assuming that the ear canal is an uniform cylinder, the eardrum reflectance could be extracted by analysis of the standing wave patterns. But the reflectance derived by my measured deta is slightly smaller than that of the previous reports. It may suggest the possibility of the imperfect air-seal of the ear canal in my examination.

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The fiber arrangement of tympanic menbrane in guinea pig was observed by light, polarized and electoric microscopy, and also studied intensity of tympanic membrane at streching. Radial and circular fiber were seen in tympanic membrane. The size of radial fiber was 8.6um and circular fiber was 4.6um. The radial fiber and circular fiber observed lightness and darkness respectively under polarized microscopy. The edge of radial and circular fiber cut off by using the microtension tester at different two direction, were seen right angle to each fiber. The tensile strength of radial fiber was 2.73kgf/mm² to parallel direction, and was 0.30kgf/mm² to right angle direction.

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The epithelial cells of the human tympanic membrane are observed under scanning electron microscopy. The epithelial cells are taken from the tympanic membrane which seems to be a normal appearance, by mean of a double-sticked serotape attached on the tip of a toothpick.
The epithelial cells are almost flat in shape with a various surface structure under scanning electron microscope. The surfaces have a various shaped projection from papillomateus to hemispherical. Among them, the epithelial cells with almost smooth surface, corresponding to cell of horny layer of epithelium, are seen. Sometimes crystal-like structures are observed on those cell surface. Crystal-like structures seems to be closely related to horny layer cell because of their strong attachment on the cell surface. Those findings are briefly discussed.

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The effects of EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) and IGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-β) on the healing process of tympanic membrane perforations were studied in guinea pigs. Electrical burn perforations with the same form and size were made in the posterosuperior quadrants of ear drums. The subjects consisted of three groups; the first group with EGF applied daily topically; the second with TGF-β in the same way used and the third with spontaneous healing. The first group showed the shortest duration for closing perforation with more rapid and more thickened proliferation of the squamous epithelium than the third group. The second group tends to have spent longer time for closing perforations than the third group.

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The motion pattern of the transplanted homograft tympanic membrane (HTM) under free-field acoustic stimulation was studied using the time-averaged holography in cats. HTM was obtained, processed and transplanted to the animal just the same as to humans. Present results showed that the amplitude and vibrating area of the transplanted HTM increased in due course of time because the HTM gradually became much thinner after transplantation. The anatomic and histologic observations of transplanted HTM revealed that HTM it was well adapted to the recipient's tympanic annulus and became thinner as time passed by. These results suggest that pars tensa of the transplanted HTM keeps good mobility after homograft tympanoplasty in experimental animals.

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Normal temporal fascia were experimentally implanted following the removal of the tympanic membrane in guinea pigs. The guinea pigs were observed using a transmission electron microscope from four weeks to two years after the implant. The healing process of an experimentally perforated tympanic membrane was also observed. Results
1) In the experimental tympanoplasty, the temporal fasciae in the graft were replaced by nonspecific inflammatory granulation tissues in the early stages and gradually underwent consolidation of the scar tissue. The specific fine fibrils in the tympanic membrane which were quadrangular and less than 10nm thick did not appear in the restored tympanic membranes. Usual collagen fibrils, which are rarely seen in the normal tympanic membrane, dominated in the fibrous connective tissues.
2) The component of the restored tympanic membrane in the tympanoplasty was indicative of cicatrice tissue.
3) On the other hand, in the healing processes of the experimental myringotomy, specific and proper fine fibrils of the tympanic membrane, as well as the usual collagen fibrils and elastic fibers, were recruited into the regenerating tissues.

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Lymphatic vessels were few in the edematous perimatrix of cholesteatoma which contained mucus-like substance in the intercellular space. The lymphatic vessels contained same mucus-like substance and their endothelial cells were degenerated. In the fibrous perimatrix, abundant fibroblasts, regenerating blood vessels and nomal lymphatic vessels were observed. Macrophages infiltrated and phagocyted cell debrises. Degeneration and regeneration were together present in the perimatrix. It was suggested that confined mucous epithelium behind the matrix might cause the degeneration of perimatrix.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relation of the grade of the inflammation of the middle ear and the pathological findings of 5 points of the tympanic membranes using human serial horizontal sections of 16 temporal bones with otitis media with effusion.
In cases with a lot of inflammation cells in the middle ear effusion, there were seen much pathological changes in the epithelium layer and the intermediated layer. In the pars flaccida and the posterior point of the mulleus handle were noted remarkable changes.

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This report has dealed with the development of middie ear cavity and tympanic membrane in frogs, Bubo japonicus formonsus. The middle ear cavity was formed from five to seven days after their first walking on land. The tympanic membrane was found on the surface of the temporal region of the head in about three days after the first terrestrial life. Several remarkable changes could be found at the turning point from their aquatic life to terraneous one. The subcutaneous mesenchymal tissues were absorbed and the distribution pattern of chromotophores was changed. The floor of the mouth was periodically moved up and down on their respiration. The pressure of the pharynx was thought to increase and make the pharyngeal mucosal layer extended outwards. These factors seemed to play an important role in the formation of middle ear cavity and tympanic membrane in the frog.

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Enzymatical dispersion method was applied to primary cell culture system from middle-ear epithelium of the guinea pig. Collagen gel and fibronectin coated Thermanox cover slips were used as culture substrates, and both materials could keep the types and morphological characteristics of the cultured cells. Enzymatic activities of succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase in mitochondria were also examined. And strong activity of succinate dehydrogenase was especially revealed in the ciliated cells and protuberant type of the non-ciliated cells.

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Scanning E. M. observations of the middle ear mucosa were scrutinized two weeks after transtympanic infusion of several fluids with different osmotic pressure. Whirl pool like arrangement of cilia was detected from the epitympanic area of the normal middle ear mucosa. Shortening or molt of cilia were demonstrated by the low osmotic pressure fluids. Also hyperfunction of secretory cells were detected. The cases of high osmotic pressure fluids demonstrated not only above, but also the increase of microvilli on the non-ciliated cells. The damage of the ciliary movement and the impediment of the mucosal clearance were demonstrated by the fluids of high osmotic pressure.

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Otitis media was effected in the right ear of 4 pigs and the left ears remained normal. Two of the pigs were sacrificed at 1 and 6 months after birth. Middle ear mucosal samples for scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were obtained from the Eustachian tube, middle ear cleft and air cell system.
In the inflamed ears, the construction and distribution of epithelial cells were the same as in normal ears, but ciliated, secretory and columnar cells were increased in the Eustachian tube and middle ear cleft. SEM revealed hardly any change in the air cell system, whereas TEM showed subepithelial thickening in the air cell system. These features ramained even 6 months after birth.

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The relation between the number of incidents of inflammation and pneumatization was investigated in pigs, whose tympanic bullae closely resemble the human mastoid air cell system. Otitis media was induced by injecting glycerin into the middle ear cleft, with injections given once, twice, three times, or four times 4 to 7 weeks after birth. All of the bullae were removed at six months after birth to compare them and determine the degree of pneumatization.
As the number of injections increased, the development of the air cell system was inhibited more severely owing to the impairment of osteoclastic activity by osteoclasts. It was concluded that the number of incidents of inflammation is an important factor affecting the degree of pneumatization.

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We had already expressed the suppressive process of the pneumatization in experimental studies using pigs and it has been clear that the middle ear inflammatory condition suppressed the expansion of the cellulae. We had also expressed the normal process of the pneumatization in the pig's temporal bones of before and after birth and in human fetal temporal bones. According to these last studies, the normal process of pneumatization in human fetal temporal bones was almost same as the process of pneumatization in pig's. So this time we investigated about the twelve human temporal bones of fourteen days after birth, two months after birth and three months after birth. It was clear that the normal process of pneumatization which was observed in this study was exactly same as the normal process of pneumatization in pigs.

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We observed the anterior epitympanic recess using fifty human temporal bones. This recess was found in 48 of 50 specimens and classified into three types as shown in the Figure. The recesses diminish in size in the order: type C, B, and A. The size correlates well with the degree of pneumatization of the surrounding cells despite the lack of correlation with pneumatization of the whole temporal bone. Embryological development of the saccus anticus and the anterior saccule of the saccus medius seems to influence the shape and type of this recess.

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Soft morphology of Posterosuperior Quadrant were using serial transversal sections of human temporal bones. Dissections of the human temporal bones were also observed from below. It was found there many tympanic folds in the temporal bone of the bad pneumatization.

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Localization of inflammation of tympanic cavity was studied in 172 temporal bones of otitis media histopathologically. The 16 different sites of tympanic cavity were chosen for observation, and the frequency of inflammation in each site was compared. Sites in which frequency of inflammation was more than 60% were seen in round window niche, mastoid cells, epitympanic cells and facial recess. It was thought that frequency of inflammation was related to structure of cavity, aeration, immunologic activity or structure of the epithelium.

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We investigated two cases of adhesive otitis media in temporal bones. Dr Ishii has previously classified adhesive otitis media into four types. In the two cases in question (classified as Type I and II), we observed the following common pathological findings: (Type I: Adhesion to the promontory. Type II: adhesion to the promontory and IS joint) 1. Significant fibrosis in the attic, mastoid cavity and the circumference of the IS joint. 2. The anterior area of the merotympnum and tympanic orifice had good aeration. From the two cases studied above and those previously investigated by Dr Ishii, we guessed that Type I and II adhesive otitis media may be caused by fibrosis in the attic mastoid cavity and the circumference of th e IS joint.

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Pneumococcal otitis media was experimentally induced in guinea pigs to examine the tissue responses of the middle ear to the types and doses of S. pneumococcus. Type 3, group 19 and group 23 were used. The bacterial cell count was adjusted to 10³/ml-10⁶/ml, and 100μl were inoculated into the middle ear cavity. Type 3 caused severe inflammation by challenge of several tens of cell count. Even after 3 weeks, the middle ear discharged a turbid or purulent exudate from which the bacterium was detected. Groups 19 and 23 caused approximately the same degree of inflammation by inoculation of several hundreds of cell count. However, when the cell count was below 10³/ml, only almost normal or serous excretion was slightly discharged from the middle ear.

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We have reported the presence of surfactant-like material in the middle ear mucosa and also suggested its possible role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Surfacten to experimental otitis media, which was induced by injecting nonviable nontypable H. Influenzae. Our results suggested that Surfacten might have some therapeutic efficacy to otitis media with effusion.

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Using an antigen-induced otitis media (OM) model in chinchillas sensitized with human serum albumin (HSA), we studied the antiinflammatory effect of a corticosteroid and kallikrein inhibitor (aprotinin) by both biochemical and cytological analyses of middle ear fluid (MEF). The levels of HSA, α₁-antitrypsin and total protein concentration were measured in the MEF to evaluate the degree of OM. Both vascular leakage and leukocyte infiltration were significantly reduced by corticosteroid and inhibitor treatments. In conclusion, the kallikrein-kinin system is related to the early stage of antigen-induced OM.

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An experimental model for otitis media with effusion (OME) induced by type III hypersensitivity reaction using gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 60 guinea pigs was sudied immunohistochemically.
Serous-type effusion was observed at 2 days after the admini-stration. It changed into the mucoid type on the next day and could be observed until 8 days after administration.
Increase of secretory cells, infilration of many neutro-phils, macrophages and plasmacytes in the tympanic cavity and leucocyte masses in the submucosal layer were observed histo-pathologically.
The localization of LPS, concomitant immunoglobulin such as IgG, and complement C₃, were envestigated using peroxidase-labelled antibody method. The localization of immune complex (I. C.) Was determined at the same position on the antigen, immunoglobulin and complement.
The deposition of I. C. Aas observed on the basement membrane of mucous epithelium, endothelium of blood vessels of the submucosal layer and surface of cilia.

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Two monoclonal antibodies (PC-6, PE-10) were used for immunohistochemical analysis of canine middle ear mucosa by immunoperoxidase staining. These monoclonal antibodies stained faint granules in the cytoplasm of Eustachian tube mucosa. By contrast, both Goblet cell and Eustachian tube glands were not stained by these monoclonal antibodies. These results suggested that surfactant-apoprotein was present in the canine middle ear cavity.

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Monoclonal antibodies (PC-6, PE-10) against pulmonary surfactant apoprotein (SP) were developed and were used to measure SP in middle ear effusions (MEE) by using simultaneous two monoclonal antibodies immunoassay. Thirty-nine percent (39/100) of MEE showed positive for SP and the duration of illness in the SP-positive cases (15.2 months) were significantly shorter than those in the SP-negative cases (24.5 months). There was a trend that frequencies of myringotomy and tube insertion were decreased in the SP-positive cases. Such studies have potential implication regarding the existence of SP in the middle ear cavity and the possible role of SP in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.

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To Clarify the contribution of regional lymph nodes to the middle ear local immune response, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -specific antibody (Ab) bearing cells were identified in middle ear, eustachian tube and neck lymph nodes after middle ear sensitization with HRP. Animals were killed 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after middle ear inoculation. Anti-HRP Abtiter in bulla washings/effusions were monitored with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The number of the HRP-specific Ab bearing cells in the middle ear, eustadhian tube and regional lymph nodes increased 7 days after local challenge. These results suggest that local Ab production in the middle ear may occur 7 days after local sensitization.

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We investigated distribution patterns of immunocompetent cells in nomal middle ear (ME) mucosa of mice fed in three different conditions; germ-free (GF), specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and conventional (CV) condition. ME mucosa was stained with immunoperoxidase technique using various polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Mast cells, Mac-1⁺ cells (macrophages and granulocytes), lymphocytes were seen in that order of frequency. In mucosa of CV mice, IgA⁺, IgM⁺ and Lyt-1⁺ cells were observed. However, in case of GF and SPF mice, IgM⁺ cells were only seen. IgG⁺ cells were scarcely seen in ME mucosa of one CV mouse out of 5 animals, but Lyt-2⁺ cells were not detected at all. Moreover, immunocompetent cells in ME mucosa of CV mice were seen with much lower number than that of nasal mucosa. These results suggest that ME can be hardly exposed to antigenic stimulation.

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The ciliary activity in the midline of the pharynx has been shown to be the good index to get that in the eustachian tube. By the use of the adenoid, the ciliary activity in the eustachian tube of a variety of cases was indirectly studied. From the study, the ciliary activity in the eustachian tube of cases with middle ear effusions was declined. From the examination using a tissue culture technique, the reversibility of the declined ciliary activity was studied, and it has been concluded that declined ciliary activity could be improved in the condition free of middle ear effusions.

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Rheologic analysis of middle ear effusions (MEEs) was performed in experimental otitis media with effusions in cats induced by obstruction of eustachian tubes. In order to clarify the factors determining the rheologic properties of MEEs, viscoelasticity was compared with three biochemical parameters; fucose, albumin and cathepsin B levels in MEEs. Viscoelasticity of the effusions had a positive significant correlation to fucose/total protein concentration (TPC), no significant correlation to albumin/TPC, and a negative correlation to cathepsin B level/TPC in MEEs. These results indicate that rheologic properties of MEEs are regulated by the level of secretory glycoproteins and severity of inflammation.

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Mucoid middle ear effusions were collected from 17 ears of 15 cats 1 or 2 weeks after tubal obstruction, and its dynamic viscosity and elasticity were measured. Middle ear mucosa was taken from tubal ostium, hypotympanum, promontry, and upper and lower part of bulla.
A significant correlation between viscoelasticity of middle ear effusion and number of goblet cells in tubal ostium was found. No glands were observed 1 week after the tubal obstruction and the formation of glands was found in only 20% of the ears 2 weeks after the obstruction. Results suggest that the mucoid mucus was mainly originated from goblet cells in middle ear mucosa of cat.

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It was reported that the serous effusion in human middle ear contained significantly high concentrations of IS and IAP, IS prolonged the tissue inflammation induced by nonviable H. influenzae in rat middle ear with OME and IS augmented the PGE₂ production by rat macrophages. In fact, in the human middle ear effusion, the IS, IAP and PGE₂ levels were positively correlated. These results suggest that PGE₂ is one of the factors associated with prolongation of OME.

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To clarify the biochemical differences between child and adult middle ear effusions (MEEs), we analyzed all lipid components in MEEs of 7 children and 7 adults by TLC and GLC, and compared with those in sera. Although the contents of all lipids in adult serum were identical with those in child serum, the content of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was selectively higher than that in adult MEE. Also, the relative concentration of PE in total phospholipids of child MEE was 36.2%, which was significantly higher than those in adult MEE (8.9%), and child (11.0%) and adult (9.5%) serum. Thus, the observation was characteristic in child MEE.

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The epithelium of surgically removed cholesteatoma (27 cases) was observed microscopically in order to investigate the mechanism how keratin enter into the sub-epithelial connective tissue.
3 kinds of findings suggested the rupture of the basement membrane, that is, (1) rupture of all the epithelial layer (2 cases), (2) accumulation and invasion of mononuclear like cells to rete malpighii (19 cases), and (3) acanthosis with elongation of rete ridge associated with irregular forming of the basal layer.
Considering the fact that frequently observing the kerarin granuloma in bone destructive cholesteatoma, the latter two findings seemed to relate with the release of keratin into the subepithelial layer.

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The cholesteatoma tissue and the granulation tissue of simple chronic otitis media produced intense bone resorbing activity and a large amount of prostaglandin (PG) E₂. Under the influence of indomethacin, however, relatively intense activity of bone resorption was found only in cholesteatoma, whereas PGE₂, production was suppressed completely. Such activity produced by cholesteatoma was blocked by the anti-interleukin (IL) -1α antibody. Significant levels of IL-1α were detected only in cholesteatoma culture supernatants. It is suggested, therefore, that the bone destruction in cholesteatoma may be attributable to IL-1α rather than to PGE₂.

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The tympanic orifices of rabbit were obstructed with pieces of muscle, and observation on the eardrum was made at 4 to 20 weeks after the operation. Observed ears were 28 of which unruptured ears were 18 and ruptured ears were 10. All the ruptured cases were suppurative otitis medias, and no epitherial invasion through the rupture rim. Out of 18 unruptured ears, middle ear effusion was observed to 12 ears, and they were in the state of OME (otitis media with effusion) and various extent of retraction and corpulences were observed at their pars flaccida irrespective of the breeding period. One ear of this group resulted in the formation of attic cholesteatoma.

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Fifty rabbits received injections of Indian ink into the facial nerve trunk at the stylomastoid foramen. Observation of the serial sections of their temporal bones, revealed that ten cases of them manifested varied Indian ink infiltration into the subarachnoid space, along the facial, nerve, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve the tympanic nerve. Indian ink infiltrated fuom the subarachnoid space to the tensor palati muscle via the tensor palati nerve and to the tensor tympani muscle via the tensor palati nerve. These routes are suspected to be a course of spreading infection.

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In the absence of a suitable animal model for ischemic facial paralysis, most of the past reports took place in humans, resulting in studies understandably restricted by the nature of human investigation. Within this context, the development of an animal model would be considered a major breakthrough in facial nerve research. Our present results showed changes in the evoked EMG response of M. orbicularis oris, consistent with the facial nerve damage known to produce facial weakness in man. A procedure used is superselective embolization of posterior auricular or internal maxillary with or without external maxillary artery with more than 1%, 1.5-2.5ml of microfibrillar collagen (Avitene, Alcon Inc., Puerto Rico) in cats. Accordingly, an animal model of ischemic facial nerve paralysis is proposed that permits further clarification of pathophysiology, allowing the accommodation of adequate ideas for the treatment of this widespread facial nerve disorder.

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The aim of this report is to show how the nerve fibers regenerate after several lesions. Six temporal bone cases with facial paralysis of traumatic, neoplastic, and inflammatory origins were studied. Some regenerated nerve fibers were observed in the cases with severed and compressed paralysis. The nerves surrounded by, tumor cells were still edematous even at 2 months after the onset of paralysis. In this circumstance, the nerve persists to be swollen after the “initial swelling stage” of the damaged nerve. No neural tubes were observed in the nerves invaded by tumor or inflammatory cells into the nerve sheath. The finding suggests that there are no possibility of regeneration in such pathologies.

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Evoked-otoacouatic emissions (EOEs) has been recorded from human ears by many investigators, but could be recorded from guinea pigs in few studies. We recorded sound-evoked acoustic responses from the ears of aneasthesized guinea pigs using tha same apparatus mesuring EOEs from human ears. Acoustic responses could be elicited from only one of 17 ears stimulated with 1 kHz click. However, we could detected these responses from 13 out of 27 ears stimulated with tonepip. These responses altered by intraperitoneal furosemide administration. At first, their amplitude in creased against the decrease of ABR amplitude, but they couldn't be detected when ABRs were vanished.

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