At the end of the World War II, The fierce battles fought on the very heartland of Naha and its peripheral cities destroyed the city and the other inhabited places.
Immediately after the occupation of the U. S. troops, the political and economic systems were completely changed.
Since about the middle of the 1960s, People have starded constructing ferro-concrete houses instead of the traditional wooden ones, leading to the drastic disappearance of the tradition-styled houses. The formation of these ferro-concrete housing stocks, in so short a time, is unique.
The authors treated in this paper of the rise and fall of housing styles and materials as influenced by the transient regime under the occupation administration.

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Succeeded to the reform of housing finance system in 1977, France's housing policy in the 80's has been strongly biased in favor of the owner-occupied sector. However decline of the inflation rate, stagnation of real income growth and relatively high interest rate, all together, have forced the government to revise this policy. This paper points out the distortion emerged in the owner-occupied sector as a result of social promotion policy and presents reasons why the tenure balanced policy has been emphasized in recent years.

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Recently, Housing Master Plans are made, in most of the Tokyo Ward Area. This is a consequence of both academic and administrative approach towards housing problems. This thesis, after summarizing these approach, deals with the evaluation of the Housing Master Plans. Five evaluation methods are discussed, such as adequacy of planning objects and frames, consistency, planning process and guarantee of actualization. Lastly, the actual Plans of Wards are evaluated, taking planning objects and policies as indexes.

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This paper deals with the capital gains tax being implemented development charges and the excessive land value increment tax. This paper can be confirmed as follows. Firstly, the laws areneeded revision though they are agreed to concept of the laws basically. Secondly, they are suggested that they set up reasonable development charge rates and a standard based on equity in contents. Thirdly, they can not say positively their affects, but the laws are contributing to stabilization of land price. And the laws are anticipated long term impacts on regional development. However, they are suggested comprehensive housing policy in order to acquire owernership of urban housing and advanced personality of the public officials related to land. Ultimately, this paper can be regarded as an interim report of researches which aims to propose theplanning style being suitable to an advanced society.

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This paper analyzed factors of land fluctuation by investingating how they affect development project of residential land in Korea. Based on a study of the present situation and existing issues surrounding development project of residential land, this study suggests a “third sector method” as a feasible solution.

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Red roof-tile, formerly most popular building element that Okinawa's traditional wooden houses have had, has been definitely decreasing in use as those wooden houses diminished in number, while the ferro-concrete houses are gaining a decisive popularity in Okinawa.
The Okinawa Development Finance Corporation, a nation-funded loan corporation, has set up a policy to finance the red roof-tile houses to be built in Okinawa, in order to make the red roof-tile serve as an element of the extensive urban landscape beauty.
The authors made a study on the effect of the policy including a rain water permeability test in the light of sustainable prevalance for the future.
The results reveal that the red roof-tile is being accepted as a tool for the attractive urban landscape, thougth it has some difficulties to tide over.

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The land utilization can be distorted by the “lock-in” effect of capital gain tax, because the capital gain tax levied only upon realization. Especially, as in Japan when the rental market of land can not acutually work by laws regarding the leasing of land and the renting of houses, the “lock-in” effect implies both a change in land utilization as stock variable and a change in conversion rate from agricultural land to housing land as flow variable. This paper uses an asset market model to examine what kind of effects the capital gain tax has on land utilization between agricultural land and housing land under perfect foresight. Whether the capital gain tax has positive or negative “lock-in” effect on land utilization as stock variable depends on the purchase price of agricultural land. On the other hand, the capital gain tax has unambiguously negative effect on the conversion rate from agricultural land to housing land, because the benefit from putting off the sales of land can not grow at the same rate as the land price.

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This paper is the analysis about the activity of banks under customer relationship with the financial regulation, which concerns the ratio of net worth to total capital on ba nks or a restriction on the increasing rate of loans to real estate industries. A rise of the ratio of net worth to total capital on banks has a effect on a occurrence of credit rationing. A restriction on the increasing rate of loans to real estate industries has a effect on risk sharing between banks and real estate industries.

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This paper presents the long term housing market from 1950 to 90, and finds out some rules between housing demand by age groups and annual housing construction.
Recently it becomes more important that each local authority has each own proper housing policy. The method, to grasp easily the structure of housing demand and supply by commonly available materials, is so respected.
By analysing the various age groups through the transition of population pyramid, we can get many information about housing needs and demand. Time series of annual housing construction shows the reflection of such housing needs and the various housing suppliers' motivation.

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To estimate the distribution of household-heads from the population distribution, the headship rate method is often used. We propose its extension such that the number of household-heads for one cohort is estimated using not only the number of population of the cohort but also other cohorts. From its estimated ratio matrix, we can derive demographic information such as the marginal effect of increasing other population on the number of household-heads.

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The present housing problem is mainly attributable to concentration of enterprises in urban areas. Thus, the enterprises are concerned parties. We evaluated 116 articles on housing problem since 1952 and prepared a questionnaire to clarify the present situation of enterprises housing measures and future directions. We sent the questionnaire to 600 nterprises in Tokyo and Osaka and received responses from 112 enterprises. The results are as follows; 1) The housing measures had been changed from supplying dormitories and company houses to indirect measures such as housing allowance and support for buying houses after the ILO recommendation. 2) The housing measures consisted of i) housing allowance, ii) dormitories and company houses (requisition and self-holding), and iii) support for buying houses. Medium and small enterprises placed emphasis on i), and large enterprises on iii). 3) They felt helpless in housing measures because of rising land price and anticipate a new government policy.

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Approaching the turn of the century, today's society has been requiring “24-hour city” functions. To meet such a situation the city living must be taken the following into consideration: Sound insulation of housing due to the difference of living time-zones, living in the vicinity of working place specially for career women, the urging restoration of nature, less traffic pollution by establishing the mass-transit system, fulfillment of cultural and sports facilities responding to the tendency of more free time and less working hours, and establishing the neighboring community for an aging society. This is a report on how these social demands are applied to our urban housing.

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The purpose of this serieses of studies is to discover how to properly respond to individual user needs regarding condominium units, whthin appropriate production costlimits.
This study investigates of the demands of the co-operative housing GREEN VILLAGE UTUGIDAI users. I asked the users how content they are with each of the project and the supply system, and how they chose the systems reflecting their individual needs and demands.

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This paper presents one action research to develop the system of affordable housing in the big cities, where the prices and rents are so high that the middle-income people can hardly afford houses of good quality. To solve this problem the short-term ownerships are proposed to reduce the rents for lands and the prices for house skeltons from the view point of the time sharing. In this proposal people who want to live in urban area should buy two types of houses in their life courses. The first type is with the ownership limited less than 30 years. And the second is with the life ownership, which may be bought in their old ages. The total cost of these two houses is studied and revealed to be affordable for middle-income people.

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This Paper examines the critical factors in the process of the self-coordinated redevelopment which should be performed by mainly owner-residents in matured low-rise residential districts through an experiment of a series of urban design gaming simulation played by students of architectural/planning schools. The authors conclude that the self-coordinated redevelopment is effective for a group of minimum sized lots to gain more floor area and to improve their environment but its effectiveness is limited in the small group which tends to conflict with neighbors without systematic design of the whole district.

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We made a rel: yarch on what different opinions the inhabitants have between districts-planning areas and non-districts-planning areas in Sapporo concerning the restrictions on the height of houses, color and so on and the maintenance of their houses.
The results are as follows:
(1) Less than 50% of the inhabitants in districts-planning areas know the districts-planning system. But they agree to the restrictions more than the inhabitants in the non-districts-planning areas.
(2) The majority of the inhabitants have some experience of repair within 15 years. The material of an external wall has changed from mortar to siding.
(3) The inhabitants' opinions about the restrictions tend to change after 15-25 years since they start to inhabit.

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Since the World Wan II, Okinawa Prefecture, especially its mainland, has been forced to provide with a large portion of its land for the use of American miritary facilites stationed there. The Defense Agency, in 1975, adop ted the measure of mitigating the nuisance and consequent discomfort to surrounding people, caused by the incessant noise occurrence generated by roaring military aircaf is which fregrent day and night. The nation wide measure taken is that the government supplies such people with some type of compensative fund to use in keeping off the possible noise. As to Okinawa. the policy has been applied to the Inhabitants near Kadena and Futenma Air bases, covering 65,000 households in nearby 4 cities and 2 towns. The outhors investigated the effect of the policy, past and present, and people's opinions mainly from the viewpoint of the system efficiency.
The results might be concluded that there leaves something to be desired in keeping on the policy.

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This study describes how five urban housings in Germany and Switzerland are made and lived, based on authors experience. The housings are four or five story buildings in high density areas. How the dwellers are using the spaces in different floors, visiting neighborhood buildings, which also contains shops, public services, enjoying open space between buildings.

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The purpose of this research is to get some informations on dwelling conditions of the elderly in YOKOHAMA City. Survey have been conducted in the both sides of demand (the elderly) and supply (real estate agent). Factors of instable dwelling conditions in private rented houses are analyzed, and what a Housing benefit should be is considered.

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Among the suburbs of metropolitan areas are seen, formations of densely situated areas of public housings caused due to their urbanization characteristics. Despite the importance to clarify the dwelling conditions of public housings and their changes in such areas, they are not satisfactorily accomplished owing to deficiency of existing statistics. This study aims to clarify such conditions of Adachl-ku, a typical densely situated area in Tokyo, firstly by reference of existing statistics, and secondly by summing up of “Enumeration Districts (Chousa-ku)”-based values.

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This paper deals with Japanese bonus systems, Sougou-sekkei and Shi-ju-sou. Data of both systems through Japan and data of Chuou ward in Tokyo of Shi-ju-sou are examined. The results are as follows; 1) Buildings by Shi-ju-sou are larger in smaller sites than those by Sougou-sekkei. 2) Plans using Sougou-sekkei kei are rather rich in open spaces. 3) Shi-ju-sou works as an efficient planning tool for housing supply in Chuou ward.

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This paper is a comparative study of spatial organization of garden cities which were affected by the Garden City Movement at the end of the 19th century in Japan and England; they are Letchworth, Hampstead Garden Suburb and Denen-chofu. The methodology of this study is based on the Space Syntax theory. From the analysis, the spatial organizations are different from each other. The spatial centre of housing in England is public space which includes shopping streets and gardens for residents, on the other hand, the centre of the housing is a station in Japan. Therefore, we could say the transportation system is quite important in Japanese housing estate. The shape of Denenchofu is similar to Howard's diagram in “Garden City of To-morrow”, but space organization is totally different from English housing estates. Hampstead Garden Suburb which is located in London is not a garden city but a garden suburb. However, the spatial structure is influenced by the Howard's theory, and the central space is a public garden for residents. As a consequence, the spatial structure of English two housing estates have the same characteristics, but not in planning Japanese housing.

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This paper aimes to make clear the techniques used on plotting of the urban redevelopment works (1888-1930) in KITAKYUSHU. The main resultes are as follows. 1) The contents of its work have constructed the roads in a regular and have performed the plotting of residential area. 2) The plotting technique in this area had formed the diffrent patterns of built-up areas on the shapes and sizes of blocks in each neigboring cities. 3) This period would be in a transition period from the previous plotting to themodern plotting.

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This study is on necessity and method of block improvement design. In low-rise, high-density housing area, sites become smaller and smaller, and density becomes higher and higher. Consequently there will be no comfortable open spaces in blocks.
In the first part, it is proved from some viewpoints (following) that block improvement design is necessary in this housing area.(1) Blocks in the law or the public enterprise (2) Block improvement and building improvement (3) Open spaces in blocks
In the next part, it is argued about an ideal arrangement of houses in one block, and proposed that enclosed blocks (blocks enclosed by houses) is the best style.

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Forms of living are in part determined and transmitted by the home in which people live. Moving from one place to another gradually destroys this process of transmitting culture. This paper concerns itself with how “Moving” is supp orted by today's housing market and analyzes how this affects lifestyles and living management.
This study examines how even among families living for generations in the same town or village, 60% of the population moves. Depending on the housing conditions, a family will move three or four times.
Most homes have one large cleaning day, just before the New Year, when the whole house is cleaned. Homes which have such cleanings more than three times a year do it before special holidays, or when guests are coming. Such cleanings are part of the culture, and people don't want to be ashamed.
Many people still think it necessary to prepare for the New Year. It is considered to be a new starting point. But the date when everyone begins to prepare is becoming closer and closer to the New Year. Moving influences lifestyles and culture. More important than the repetition of moving is how the foundation that supports manners and customs is losing significance.

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This study is the analysis about how the spaces appear, where each of husbands and wives spend their own time, and how these spaces relate to one another, based on time allocation survey in Hachioji City, Tokyo. The results are as follows; 1) If their own time is short, the number of the space is only one, that is the same space where couples act together. 2) If the time is long, there are more than two spaces. 3) In that case, the kinds of their acts differentiate in each space. 4) There are three patterns of spaces where each of them can spend freely a lot of one's private time. And these patterns are shown in the final chapter.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the structure of overall assessment of comfort in various buildings. This requires the evaluation for different types of buildings such as homes, offices, colleges and so forth, and involves a consideration of environmental quality.
Recognizing both the need for enhanced assessment methods and the fact that energy efficiency should go hand in hand with good designs which meet occupants' comfort requirements, the Department of Energy at University of Surrey carried out the research necessary for the development and initial testing of the required measurement tools called Environmental Comfort Assessment Procedure (ECAP).
The field study was conducted in three dining spaces referring to the ECAP for determining the comfort criterion in dining spaces.

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Vol. 1993 No. 2 p. 80
修正箇所：その他
修正内容：
（誤） 「長谷工コーポレーションのフォーラム“A”で」とありますのを「財団のフォーラム“A”」
（正） 「財団のフォーラム“A”で」とありますのを「長谷工コーポレーションのフォーラム“A”で」

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