Applied Entomology and Zoology

Ecological Studies on the Relationship between the Ranunculus Leaf Mining Fly, Phytomyza ranunculi SCHRANK (Diptera : Agromyzidae) and Its Parasite, Kratochviliana sp. (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) from the Viewpoint of Spatial Structure I. Analysis of Searching and Attacking Behaviors of the Parasite

Tuyosi SUGIMOTO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 87-103
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.87

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The present paper studies how a parasite, Kratochviliana sp., of the Ranunculus leaf mining fly searches and attacks its host larvae. When the parasite alights on a Ranunculus leaf, it walks about rather directly until it encounters a mine formed by the host larva. It then searches ingeniously for its host along the mine using its antennae. Simulation models revealed that this characteristic host searching procedure is adaptive for lacating leaf mining insects. The parasite seemed to recognize the host and to receive stimuli for inserting its ovipositor into the host from the somewhat swollen surface which the host larva pushes up within the mine. The parasite, after finding the host, often inserted its ovipositor into the host body through the epidermis of the leaf. Sometimesm however, it left the host without ovipositor insertion after roaming over it, or passed it without any reaction. When insertion occurred, the parasite laid an egg in the host or fed on its body fluid after killing the host by injecting venom into its body. In some cases, however, it did not kill the host even when inserting its ovipositor. No eggs were laid in a dead host though the parasite sometimes fed on the host. The parasite attacks mainly the second and the third-instar larvae. On the average a parasite killed 182.3 hosts and laid an egg in each of 103.4 of them during its life span of 22.8 days.

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Pioneer Life of the Tadpole Shrimps, Triops Spp. (Notostraca : Triopsidae)

Fumiki TAKAHASHI

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 104-117
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.104

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Tadpole shrimps (Triops spp.) are aquatic animals which appear in paddy fields a few days after the flooding and ploughing. Their growth, oviposition, hatching of eggs, and the environmental conditions which stimulate egg hatching were analyzed especially in T. granarius and T. longicaudatus to test the hypothesis that tadpole shrimps are pioneer animals in a temporary water pool.Many eggs hatched soon after submergence and developed rapidly to maturity. The shrimps began oviposition on the 10th day after submergence, while still growing in body size, and deposited many eggs in the soil during their short life span. The eggs hatched very heterogeneously and intermittently, and many eggs remained in the dormant state for a long period under constant water temperature. Desiccation of eggs was effective to promote subsequent hatching, and the rate of hatching fluctuated with the length of desiccation period. Total hatching was not achieved, however, even by repeated treatments of desiccation and submergence. Hatching of eggs was sensitive to light. These ecological characteristics are considered to be highly adaptive to an irregularly disturbed aquatic habitat.

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A Systems Model for the Prediction of Rice Dwarf Virus Infection of Middle-season Rice

Keizi KIRITANI, Fusao NAKASUJI

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 118-123
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.118

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A systems model to predict the percentage (100A_T) of rice hills infected with rice dwarf virus (RDV), which is transmitted by the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER, is presented. For the relationship between A_T and the density (N_A) of adult immigrants to the production rice field, the following submodel is used : A_T=1-exp(-aN_ALP), where a is the rate (number of hills) of successful transmission of RDV by an infective adult per day, L is the mean longevity of adults, and P is the proportion of infective individuals in the population. N_A can be correlated with the density of leafhoppers developing on wild hosts in a fallow paddy field before their dispersal. Simulation suggested that, assuming P=0.05, a=1 and L=10, about 0.4 adult immigrants per/hiss will give rise to 15% RDV-infected rice hills (a tolerable injury leve) inproduction field requiring control measures.

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Differential Relative Abundance of Green-yellow and Red Forms of Myzus persicae (SULZER) (Homoptera : Aphididae) According to Host Plant and Season

Nobuaki UEDA, Hajimu TAKADA

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 124-133
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.124

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The differential relative abundance of the green-yellow and red forms of Myzus persicae (SULZER) was investigated with respect to host plant species, part of the plant colonized and season by means of periodical sampling for 3 years on cabbages, radishes, potatoes and egg plants at Kyoto as well as occasional samples at Nobeyama (Nagano Pref.) and Sapporo. (1) The proportion of green-yellow aphids was highest on cabbages, lower on radishes, with the lowest proportion on potatoes throughout the growing period at Kyoto. Such differences in host plant were also found at Nobeyama and Sapporo. The proportion on egg plants was as low as on potatoes. (2) The proportion of green-yellow aphids on radishes was highest on the inner leaves, lower on the middle leaves and lowest on the outher leaves. (3) The proportion of green-yellow aphids increased on cabbages and decreased on potatoes towards summer, but no marked seasonal change was observed on radishes. The proportion of green-yellow aphids was higher in the spring-summer season as a whole than in the autumn-winter on both cabbages and radishes. (4) The facts revealed hitherto about the behaviour of the 2 colour forms were explained on the assumptions that the green-yellow and red forms differ intrinsically in the range of some chemical and physical requirements from their host plants and that the plant condition varies with species, part of the plant colonized and seasons.

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Histological and Histochemical Observation of Intracellular Yeastlike Symbiotes in the Fat Body of the Smaller Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera : Delphacidae)

Hiroaki NODA

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 134-141
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.134

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Yeastlike symbiotes were observed in some cells (mycetocytes) of the fat body in the smaller brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. The symbiotes were oval-shaped, about 13μ in length and seemed to propagate by budding. They had a FEULGEN positive nucleus, and were positive to RNA and protein reactions and were strongly stained by PAS reaction. They increased in the mycetocytes with nymphal development, and large number of them was observed in female adults while the male adults did not possess so many of them. They yeastlike symbiotes moved into the primary oocyte from the posterior pole through the epithelial plug of the ovary in female adult. At the late stage of embryonic development of the next generation, the symbiotes entered the fat body of the abdomen. The mycetocytes had no proteinaceous spheres and had less lipid droplets than the fat body cells.

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Studies on Eupyrene and Apyrene Spermatozoa in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) : I. The Intratesticular Behaviour of the Spermatozoa at Various Stages from the 5th-instar to the Adult

Sadaya KATSUNO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 142-153
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.142

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Apyrene sperm bundles showed their first appearance from the testicular follicle into the vas efferens at 144 hours after pupation. The bundles were separated when they passed through the basement membrane. At 192 hours after pupation the majority of the separate apyrene spermatozoa was observed in the vas efferens. On the other hand, the eupyrene sperm bundles first appeared from the follicle into the vas efferens at 192 hours after pupation. At 240 hours after pupation (the day before emergence) the majority was observed in the vas efferens. Maintaining their bundle in the intact state, those eupyrene sperm bundles passed through the basement membrane with their tails ahead and were mixed with the separate apyrene spermatozoa.When the apyrene sperm bundles appeared from the follicle, the tissue of the basement membrane became rough in appearance and when the majority of the apyrene spermatozoa was accumulated in the vas efferens, the tissue began to recover its original state. Before the recovering of the tissue was completed, the eupyrene sperm bundles began to appear in the vas efferens and the tissue resumed a remarkable rough appearance again. From the above observation, it was suggested that the apyrene spermatozoa played an important role in facilitating the passage of the eupyrene sperm bundles through the basement mambrane.

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Sexual Attraction of Rotylenchulus reniformis Females and Some Differences in the Attractiveness between Amphimictic and Parthenogenetic Populations (Nematoda : Nacobbidae)

Kazutoshi NAKASONO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 154-161
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.154

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Sexual attrction of Rotylenchulus reniformis females was tested on agar plates and their attractiveness was compared among three amphimictic populations and three parthenogenetic ones, which were originally collected at geographically isolated areas. Females of the amphimictic populations attracted males of an amphimictic one better than the females of the parthenogenetic ones. Stimuli evoking males to respond were assumed to be secreted by females into the agar, and to be chemical in nature. Most of the males attracted to the amphimictic females copulated with or remained close of the females for a long period, whereas males attracted to the parthenogenetic females did not behave similarly. Tracks left on the agar by males showed frequent sudden changes of direction when attracted to the amphimictics but showed no such changes when placed with the parthenogenetics. A reproductive isolation between the amphimictic and the parthenogenetic populations was suggested.

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The Active Space of the Spodoptera litura (F.) Sex Pheromone and the Pheromone Component Determining This Space

Kazuo NAKAMURA, Kenjiro KAWASAKI

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 162-177
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.162

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Male adults of Spodoptera litura were released at fixed points and captured in a pheromone trap. By comparing the experimental results with those obtained from a simulation model for the male's attraction process, the active space of the sex pheromone of S. litura was estimated. The maximum range downwind of the active space for one virgin female was estimated as about 80m for wind velocity of 0.50m/sec. This distance decreased with an increase in wind velocity above 0.50m/sec, and decreased greatly with decrease in wind velocity below 0.50m/sec. The reason for the decreased range at low wind velocities was as a result of a deposition effect of the pheromone. Thus, in a windless greenhouse, the active space was limited to a small area close to the attractant. The active space increased proportionally with an increase in the emission rate of the pheromone. It was revealed that the active space was determined by one of two components of litlure (a synthetic sex pheromone of S. litura), viz., cis-9, trans-11-tetradeca-dienyl acetate.

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A Potent Synergist for the Sex Pheromone of the Smaller Tea Tortrix

Tsutomu NEGISHI, Taketoshi ISHIWATARI, Shoji ASANO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 178-183
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.178

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The female sex pheromone of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes fasciata, a mixture of cis-9-tetradecenyl acetate and cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (STT pheromone), was synergized with cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate. The optimum ratio of combination of cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate with the STT pheromone was about 1 : 1 and this combination improved the attractiveness to the male 2 to 6 times greater than the STT pheromone alone. Biological activity of the STT pheromone to the male moth was also found to be markedly enhanced by the combination of cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadienyl acetate in the laboratory assay. The duration of male response to this combination was clearly longer than that to the STT pheromone alone.

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The Control Threshold Density of the Tobacco Cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on Eggplants and Sweet Peppers in Vinyl-houses

Fusao NAKASUJI, Tadami MATSUZAKI

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 184-189
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.184

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The control threshold density of the tabacco cutworm Spodoptera litura was determined separately in eggplants and sweet peppers cultivated in vinyl-houses during the winter. A vinyl-house was divided into small plots and different numbers of egg masses of S. litura were artificially placed on the plants in each plot. A linear relationship was found between the yields of total fruits and marketable fruits, and an index of plant injury, F, which represents the total amount of palnt material consumed by larvae. Assuming 10% of the maximum yield as the critical level of yield loss, the tolerable injury thresholds in terms of this index were calculated as 43 and 49 for the marketable fruit yield of eggplants and sweet peppers, respectively. These values corresponded to 4.6 and 15.4 individuals of S. litura hatchlings per m², or 0.8 and 2.6 egg masses per 100m², respectively.

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The Toxicity of Chlordimeform to Five Strains of Kanzawa Spider Mite, Tetranychus kanzawai KISHIDA (Acarina : Tetranychidae)

Masahiko KUWAHARA

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 190-195
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.190

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Toxicity of chlordimeform to eggs and adults of five kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai, was tested. In assays with 48- to 72-hr-old eggs, chlordime-form was effective on two organophosphate-susceptible strains as well as on organophosphate-resistant strains, but it showed less effect on dicofol-resistant and multiresistant strains. Relative susceptibility for 48hr after the treatment was 18.3 in dicofol-resistant and susceptible strains, and 27.8hr in multiresistant and dicofol-susceptible strains. In assays with adult mites, symptoms of poisoning were slow to appear; the value of LC50 for 48hr after the treatment was about 30 to 60 times lower than that for 24hr. Relative susceptibility after 48hr in organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains was 1.03, but that in dicofol-resistant and susceptible strains was 2.38. These data, therfore, indicated a cross-resistance to chlordimeform with dicofol but not with organophosphates.

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High Water Temperature Prevents Egg Hatching in Triops granarius (Notostraca : Triopsidae)

Fumiki TAKAHASHI

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 196-197
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.196

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A New Leafhopper Vector of the Rice Waika Virus, Nephotettix malayanus ISHIHARA et KAWASE (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae)

Hitoshi INOUE

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 197-199
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.197

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Infectivity of Entomophthora delphacis (Entomophthorales : Entomophthoraceae) to the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera : Aphididae)

Mitsuaki SHIMAZU

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 200-201
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.200

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Sound Production of the Male Moth of Agrotis fucosa BUTLER (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) During Coutship Behavior

Sadao WAKAMURA

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 202-203
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.202

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Mating Behavior of Zizeeria maha argia in Connection with the Visual Stimuli from Zizina otis

Haruhisa WAGO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 203-205
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.203

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Oostatic Effect on Bombyx mori of Extracts from Ganglia of Periplaneta americana

Nobuo OGURA

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 205-207
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.205

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(Z)-11-Hexadecenal and (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl Acetate : Sex-Pheromone Components of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae)

Y. TAMAKI, K. KAWASAKI, H. YAMADA, T. KOSHIHARA, N. OSAKI, T. ANDO, S. ...

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 208-210
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.208

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Promising Sex-Pheromonal Activity of the Combination of cis-9, trans-12-Tetradecadienyl Acetate and cis-11-Tetradecenyl Acetate for the Smaller Tea Tortrix

Taketoshi ISHIWATARI, Tsutomu NEGISHI, Shoji ASANO

1977 年 12 巻 2 号 p. 211-212
発行日: 1977/06/25
公開日: 2008/02/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.12.211

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