This paper describes a family therapy of an infant who is afraid of other infants. N family has two problems: (1) four years-old son is extremely afraid of other infants and (2) he is extremely unbalanced on diet.

　　The interviews with N family were conducted nine times. Main therapeutic approach is “clay-sculpture”. While the process of the interviews, his mother reconfirmed herself as mother. Therefore IP was worthy for the infant and began to express himself freely. The father went away with the situation of overinvolvement with his son. After so, we were succussed to build a new family relationship.

　　As a result, two problems with N family were solved. After almost two years absence, IP began to go to a kindergarden again. He is now enjoying playing with other infants, and taking meals regularly.

　　This study confirms a new division of illustrators, into topic and interactive gestures, and the function of interactive gestures proposed by Bavelas et al. (1992, 1995). So, the present study carried out four experiments on Japanese university students. In Experiment 1 and 2, to classify illustrators and specify interactive gestures, the same task was assigned to both dyads and individuals : In Experiment 1, dyads had a higher rate of interactive gestures than did individuals, but topic gestures were not significantly affected by condition. In Experiment 2, topic gestures were increased by instruction, but interactive gestures were not.

　　In Experiment 3 and 4, we mentioned the functions of interactive gestures. In Experiment 3, we manipulated visual availability : The rate of interactive gestures was higher for partners interacting face-to-face than for those who could not see each other, but the rate of topic gestures was not changed by condition. In Experiment 4, to examine whether interactive gestures are uniquely affected by the requirement of dialogue, we compared dialogue with sequential monologues: Dialogue had a higher rate of interactive gestures, but rate of topic gestures was not changed by condition. These results supported the theory proposed by Bavelas et al..

　　Finally, the relationship between this study and family therapy was discussed.

　　This article examines the result of the investigation of the abused children born in the unexpected pregnancy. the unexpected pregnancy is often regarded as one of the chief factors of the child abuse, and this article examines it from the standpoint of transgenerational family systems theory.

　1. Outline

　　The investigation in carried out on 13 abused cases diagnosed as “the children born in the unexpected pregnancy” from 1992 to 1994. When extracting the cases, more than 1 of the following 5 points are to be recorded in the child recorded.

　　1) Parents did not want the baby when they knew the pregnancy.

　　2) The time of pregnancy/birth was not when parents expected.

　　3) Pregnance/birth was not agreed upon by the parents.

　　4) Parents did not want to have a child.

　　5) When they knew the pregnancy, they were displeased, depressed and isolated.

　2. Discussion

　　The result of the investigation shows that the abuse to the child born in unexpected pregnancy mainly occurred in the disfunctional marriage. This report discusses the results from the following standpoints based on the transgenerational family theory and family life-cycle model:

　　1) The relation of the couple with the family of origin

　　2) The mate selection

　　3) The couple relationship concerning the pregnancy

　　4) The relationship of father, mother and abused child

　　1) shows emotional reaction of highly fused relationship by extreme ‘dependency’ and ‘emotional cut-off’, and ‘differentiation of self’ from the family of origin was on achieved.

　　2) shows highly fused marriage which keep temporal emotional stability, but easy to be broken by the third party intrusion, which can be called “pseudo-intimacy”.

　　3) is as follows: The sexual intercourse temporarily makes it possible to escape from anxiety and tension caused by couple’s disengagement and conflict, but unexpected pregnancy brought them another added anxiety and tension.

　　4) is as follows: mother can temporarily escape from the trouble with her husband by mother-child coalition which makes triangulation, but faced with the child-rearing difficulties, she avoids the solution of the difficulties by emotional cut-off from the child and tries to find another object to depend on.

　Thus vicious circle of the father, mother, abused child can start, which develops child abuse.

　　Recently, the number of eating disorders has increased and there are some adolescent with abnormal eating attitudes similar to eating disorders. But family relation of them in not taken up as a main subject.

　　The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between abnormal eating attitudes and family relationship.

　　In the primary research, a sample of 249 female college students were asked to fulfill following questionnaire, i.e. Eating Attitude Test (EAT-20), FACES Ⅲ, Sentence Completion Test on family relation (SCT) and so on.

　　There was no significant relation between EAT-20 and FACES Ⅲ. On the other hand, the result of SCT shows that subjects with high EAT-20 scores had more negative attitude toward their families than that with low EAT-20 scores.

　　In the second research, figures of family relationship in Schematic Projective Techniques were administered to.12 female college students with high EAT-20 scores (High group), 11 female college students with low EAT-20 scores (Low group) and 3 female eating disorderes (Clinical group).

　　High group was significantly shorter in the distances among each family members than Low group. Cluster analysis revealed that High group was rather similar to Clinical group at the types of family figure. However, some atypical cases were also found in High group.

　　The similarity on family relationship between some adolescent with abnormal eating attitudes and eating disorders was discussed, and the discussion was based on these findings.