The purpose of this study was to generate the hypothesis concerning with the change of the families who received the foreign students.

　　The subjects of the study were 6 mothers who had lived with exchange students for 10 months.

　　The research procedure was that the present writer interviewed mothers 5 times; before, during and after the host family experience. The analytical procedure of the interviews was to be the pilesorted method (Weller et al, 1988). The briefing session was held and all 6 mothers accepted that the results of this study described their experience appropriately.

　　The results of the analysis indicated that 5 out of 6 families showed the improvements in family functions after the receiving experience. Five factors which may lead the change were found out by the analysis of the mothers’ narratives; (1) entertaining the clear expectancy for the change of family, (2) the psychological change of mothers resulting in “multi-dimensional truth”, (3) the novelty of the “nurturing” experience during the receiving, (4) the openness of the communication within the family and the community, (5) the acknowledgement of mothers' effort to the care for the foreign students.

　　As a result, it found out that host family experience had the possibility promoting the significant change in families. This study suggested that the “cross-cultural” experience, which meat not only the foreign people actually entered the family but also the “fresh wind”, the new value or the objective viewpoint were brought into the family stimulated the change in family.

　　The purpose of this study is (1)to show 3 types of men' life style on the assumption that they have different kinds of preference for the balance between work and family life, (2) to identify the significant factors to life satisfaction in each type, and(3)to examine whether or not they expect to make themselves free from the only provider role in the house hold.

　　Participants were 391 married men having a 3-4 year-old child. According to the ratio of investments to their job, family life, and personal activity, 3 types of life style were classified. (1) “Job+personal activity” is to invest half of their energy to job and the other half to family life and personal activity. (2) “Job only” is to absorb themselves in their job with more than 70% of their energy. (3) “Job=family life” is to divide their energy into job and family life equally. These 3 types had different psychological and behavioral features.

　　The amount of income was correlated with their life satisfaction in the “Job+personal activity” type, while it was correlated with their job satisfaction in the other 2 types. This result may suggest that the effectiveness as a provider role is important to their identity for men of the “Job+personal activity” type. Among men of the “Job=family life” type, job satisfaction was highly correlated with family life satisfaction, and their relative contribution to the provider role in their household had a negative effect to their life satisfaction. Furthermore, the mean score of agreement to “gender equality” of this type was significantly higher than the other 2 types. It is argued that the “Job=family life” type is a new one among men, as the men of that type may choose their life style voluntarily based on their own sense of value to gender equality.

　　The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between marital satisfaction of husbands and wives in their middle age, and discrepancies between ideals and realities of sharing of housework and child-raising. A questionnaire was administered to married couples having children in either elementary school or university, and responses from 775 couples, in which both the husband and wife answered the questionnaire, were analyzed. Couples with children in elementary school were defined as couples in their child-raising period, and couples with children in university were defined as couples in their middle age. Analysis results indicated that wives wished they had less housework and child-raising responsibilities. In contrast husbands wished that they had more responsibilities in these areas.

　　Marital satisfaction of both of husbands and wives was found negatively to correlate with the discrepancy between their reported ideal amounts of housework and child rearing and actual amounts. Higher satisfaction was related to a smaller discrepancy. There was a weak negative relationship found between marital satisfaction and the attitudes towards the traditional sexual division of labor for husbands in the child-rearing group. Furthermore it was found marital satisfaction for husbands in the child-rearing group was higher for men who reported a low discrepancy and whose wives also reported a low discrepancy. In the older group, the wives reported discrepancies were not found to influence the marital satisfaction of their husbands.

　　This study investigated the relationships among children's emotional and behavioral problems assessed on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), their early childcare experiences, their daily activities and mothers' parenting anxiety. One hundred and sixty-nine mothers of children aged 2-6 form two day care enters participated in this study. The results of logistic regression analyses identified as risk factors of children’s externalized and internalized behavior problems a higher level of mother's parenting anxiety and later start of daycare service. Children's bad meal-time manners were also a risk factor for internalized behavior problems. It was also shown that children who had started the daycare before their first birthday had better meal-time manners and lower scores on internalized and total behavior problems than those who had started the daycare after their first birthday. Based on these results, we suggest that children's emotional and behavior problems should be treated along with treatment of their mothers' parenting anxiety.

　　The purpose of this study was to examine and compare how conversational contents and sentence-final expressions influence consensual effect. This study focused on “sentence-final particles” as sentence-final expressions, which are identified with the term of management language. Management language is used in management communication which regulates conversational interactions and relationships and which is distinct from conversational content. A previous study indicated that sentence-final particles have an influence on consensual effect. In this study we investigated how we use language in order to come to a consensus and what factors influence on consensual effect. We picked up the factors from two sides of communication; the content side and the management side. The former involves “logic”, “numbers of the grounds for an argument”, “presence of fear appeal”, and “way of presentation (one-sided or two-sided)”, the latter involves “sentence-final particles”, “head movement seeking response”, “eye contact”, and “smiling”.

　　To simulate a clinical situation, in this experiment we asked subjects to play roles; pseudo-pharmacists tried to persuade pseudo-patients to give their consent to take medicine as directed. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that “logic” of conversational content had a positive effect (β=0.593) and “sentence-final particles” as sentence-final expressions had a negative effect (β=-0.465) on consensus. The influence of “sentence-final particles” was about eighty percent as effective as “logic.”

　　The aims of this paper are, based on a case of a female college student dealing with the problem of incest, to clarify this family problem and at the same time examine an integrated approach as a form of intervention. The following 4 points were examined: (1) If the client's family is functioning relatively normally, then they will be asked to undergo a psychological interview, however caution is needed with regard to when to do so. This is because a family member is the abuser, therfore the client worries about if one or both parents will abandon her and fears destroying the shared illusions that the family has a “sense of togetherness/unity” and that “everyone is getting along.” (2) Approaches to incest share common traits with approaches to PTSD and must integrate a variety of approaches. With a self support approach as a foundation, different techniques like promoting awareness of one's feelings and incrementally adjusting exposure to frightening situations are combined. (3) There are issues particular to the problem of incest. It creates a sense of wishing to avoid the problem itself in those around the victim. In addition, if the client received physical pleasure when she was abused, she may become self-condemning and fear losing her status as a victim. (4) Traumatic memories must be dealt with, but caution is needed with regard to when to do so.

　　A large number of studies implicate familial factors in the prediction of bullying, aggressive or externalising behaviour in children. Some other risk factors predict risk of victimisation and internalising behaviours. In this review I distinguish seven main theoretical approaches: Social learning theory; Parenting styles; Attachment theory; Family relationship schemas; Shame management theory; Cognitive contextual theory; and Family systems theory. I review a number of empirical studies, broadly grouped within these different perspectives. The most widely established risk factors are (1) family conflicts in general (parents and siblings) and how they are dealt with; (2) poor parental discipline strategies, especially if harsh or abusive, and inconsistent (too lax, too coercive); (3) negative parentchild relations: including insecure attachment, and stigmatising shaming; and (4) the mother being chronically depressed. These familial factors can interact with genetic factors, child temperament, and gender (although many gender differences are small); there is little information on possible interactions with child age, or ethnicity. Some practical implications of the research for helping families and schools are considered at the end of the chapter.

　Better ‘article’ than ‘chapter’.