The purpose of this study is to investigate how the middle-aged women without children acquired their present identity status, according to the classification of Kato (1983), though the case study of 3 women, 35 years old and over.

　　One of the women is classified as diffusion-moratorium status (D-M), as she is not sure whether she wantsa child or not, and she did not commit herself to anything, dealing with no crisis during her adolescence.

　　Another woman is classified as the moratorium status (M), because she has been dealing with the problem of independence from her parents and she recognises herself as dependent.

　　The other woman is classified as achievement status (A), who has confidence in herself as a woman, and is stable, committing herself to the work and relationship with the intimate partner.

　　The differences of the identity status are considered to be the result of each woman in working through the outer space crises (vocation and value) and the inner space crisis (human relationship) during her adolescence.

　　All three have dealt with the crises with the same attitude until today as they dealt with them in their adolescence.

　　This study shows the different pathways women without children would take to reach the different identities status.

　　This paper examined the relations of father's cooperation with family chores to child's empathy, family function and father's identity development. 308 married couples with a kindergarten child living in Saitama were selected as subjects. Two kinds of questionnaires, that is, the measure of father's cooperation with family chores and father's identity development, were administered to these fathers. As for mothers, two kinds of questionnaires, that is, the scale of family function and mother's recognition of the child's empathy, were administered.

　　Results showed that both of the subscales of father's cooperation with family chores named “comunication between husband and wife” and “support to domestic duties” had significant positive correlations with child's empathy. Further, one of the subscales named “communication between husband and wife” had significant positive correlation with all of the four subscales of father's identity development. As to family function, 12 of 14 subscales showed significant correlations with child's empathy development. These results were discussed mainly from the previous studies concerning family system, empathy, and identity development.

　　The purpose of this study is to investigate that Cybernetics hypothesis of Systemic Theory can be applied to interpersonal system. Cybernetics hypothesis deals with about the self-regulatory function. That is, when the centrifugal tendency (centripetal tendency) affects system, interpersonal-communication changes centripetal tendency (centrifugal tendency). In this paper, The hypothesis was confirmed by several experimental studies.

　　Subjects were thirteen couples, members of the social dencing club in T University. Each couple was asked to discuss about three sorts of conflicting topics. Centripetal tendency was made by partition situation in which the couple can't see each other, Because disturbing interaction makes interpersonal system centripetally in conflict situation. Centrifugal tendency were made by forbiding smiling face. Because smiling face have centripetal tendency in conflicting situation. And control conflicting situation was carried out. Each utterance was classified into two linguistic strategies (the cooperation strategy, the confrontation strategy).

　　As a result, the confrontation strategy is higher at the partition situation than the control situation. And the cooperation strategy is higher at the forbiding smiling face situation than the control situtation.

　　In this study, self-regulatory function of inter-personal system was confirmed. Finally, it is suggested to be able to estimate changes of the system by paying attention to the self-regulatory function of inter-personal system.

　　This study examined the relations among parents-child communication, interpersonal consciousness, and identity in late adolescence. Thirty Japanese families (including undergraduate student and their both parents) participated in Family Interaction Task used to measure family individuation (proposed by Grotevant and Cooper's Family Process Project). In this task, subjects were asked to make plans together for one week vacation. The first 300 uterances of each family were coded in terms of 14 indices of individuation. In addition to this task, adolescents completed two kinds of questionnaires to assess interpersonal consciousness and identity status two times at regular intervals.

　　As a result, sex difference was found in the correlations between parents-child communication and other personality features. For males, separateness from mother was related to negative interpersonal consciousness. For females, on the other side, separateness from father was related to negative interpersonal consciousnsess and identity. The key finding suggested the significance of connectedness in the relationship between late adolescents and parent of the opposite sex.

　　The purpose of this study was to examine the meanings of mother-child separation ; ＜sending a child to day-care center＞, and the relationships between the meanings of child separation and traditional views on mother roles in the mothers having preschool children. Two groups of mothers were compared ; the mothers having full-time job and sending their children to day-care center (namely having the experience of mother-child separation), and the mothers who were primarily (concerned with child-care without job and also experience of mother-child separation.

　　4 factors, 2 positive and 2 negative, were identified as emotional/ cognitive dimensions of mother-child separation. The mothers who have job and send their children to day-care center were found to recognize the positive meanings fo mother-child separation both for children and mothers compared to the mothers who took care of their children by themselves without experience of mother-child separation. On the contrary, negative attitude and emotion on the mother-child separation were significantly strong among the mothers who had no experiences of mother-child separation. Conflict between positive and negative attitude toward mother-child separation were strongly observed among the highly educated mothers who had no experience of mother-child separation. Traditional views on mother roles were observed significantly strong among the mothers without job and also experienes of mother-child separation, and deeply connected with the attitudes and emotion toward mother-child eparation. The findings were discussed from socio-cultural and women's developmental viewpoints.