The purpose of this study is to investigate the prejudice against both divorced person and their children. Subjects were 194 men and 247 women, aged between 30 and 69 randomly sampled out of 1,000 people living in Tokyo. They all have the experience of married life, but some of them are not living with their spouse because of his or her death or because of divorce. They answered questions about their feelings on divorce and the children involved, and also gave their opinions on marriage and marital relationship.

　　The main results were as follows:

　　1) Men, people of the older generation and less educated people have a stronger prejudice against divorce and the children involved than do women and people of the younger generation and more educated people.

　　2) Divorced people, and those who have seriously considered divorce have little prejudice against divorce in this survey. These results suggest that people judge divorce and divorced families by their preconceptions.

　　3) Pass analysis indicated that the rigid conceptions of gender role and the traditional opinion of marriage affected the prejudice against both divorce and divorced family.

　　The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between maternal identity and stresses about child-rearing. The Maternal Identity Scale and the Child-rearing Stress Scale were administered to 216 mothers of young children. The main findings were follows. 1) Mothers who formed stable Maternal Identity had low child-rearing stress. 2) Employed mothers had more stable Maternal Identity than not-employed mothers. These findings suggested that employed mothers experienced a positive spillover from their roles of work positively affected their roles as mothers, and consequently employed mothers developed a stable Maternal Identity. Mothers who formed stable Maternal Identity were able to grasp, accept and carry out maternal-roles. As a result, their cognition that “child care is difficult” was decreased, and child-rearing related stress was decreased too.

　　The theory of family development shows that there is a developmental task for married couples to obtain parental roles, and that an adjustment occurs in the marital relationships as married couples make the transition to parenthood. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the reconstruction of marital relationships as married couples conceive themselves taking on the role of parents in today's Japan. 243 men and 264 women from late adolescence to early adulthood answered a questionnaire and the pair-data of married couples were analyzed from the point of view of each stage of family develo pment.

　　The major findings are as follows:

　　1) Through child rearing, both husbands and wives come to recognize the mothers' parental role in regard to the concept of infant care.

　　2) The differences between the husband's and wife's concept of their parental roles. regarding infant care increases through out child rearing.

　　3) It is not obvious that congruence of parental role concepts between married couples is achieved only inside the family system, as they are influenced from outside of the family by friends, mass-communication, and so on.

　　These results suggest that it is very hard to adjust the marital relationship during thet ransition to parenthood in today's Japanes pecially since Japan is rapidly becoming a gender-equal society.

　　Some clinical approaches to eating disorders have shown that families which have a member with an eating disorder were particular about eating habits and attitudes. This two-part study explored eating variables related to eating disorders and investigated the correlation between daughters and mothers. In study 1, a non-clinical sample of 239 female adolescents evaluated their attitudes toward eating with concern to nutritionally balanced food, table manners, saving of food expenses, and information about food and restaurants, as well as answering question about parenting associated with table manners and their feelings during mealtimes. Firstly, the variables of eating habits and attitudes concerning nutritionally balanced food, table manners, saving of food expenses and information about food and restaurants revealed a 6 factor structure by principal-components analyses. Secondly, compared with the normal group, adolescents with highly disturbed eating patterns showed stronger attitudes concerning the eating of nutritionally balanced food, and information about food and restaurants. This results was. supported by controlling for parenting associated with table manners and feelings during mealtimes.

　　In Study 2, 77 mothers matched with their daughters also answering question about eating habits and attitudes concerning nutritionally balanced food, table manners, saving of food expenses, and information about food and res taurants. Principalcomponents revealed the same factor structure for both daughters and mothes.5 out of 6 factors concerning eating attitudes were significantly correlated between daughters and mothers, and these 5 mothers' factors significantly influenced their daughters' factors respectively.

　　These findings may suggest that eating attitudes of the family were transmitted over between generation.