The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship among marital quality, personality development by “becoming a parent”，and psychological / subjective well-being. In addition, the influences of occupational and educational factors on them were examined. A total of 669 mothers, who make their children attend to one of the five public kindergartens (n=390) or seven public nurseries (n=279) in two towns, participated in this research. They completed four questionnaires as follows. (1)psychological and subjective well-being，(2)personality development by “becoming a parent”, (3)marital quality, and (4)demographical data.

　　The main findings were as follows. First, the type of mother's occupation and their educational level influenced the development of becoming a parent and their psychological well-being. Second, the following hypotheses were verified using covariance structural analysis. Communication time directly affects marital quality. Marital quality directly affects psychological (or subjective) well-being and indirectly affects them by being mediated with the development of “becoming a parent”. The data were found to fit well with the model which we presupposed with a degree of relatively high adaptability. Also, it was found that the length of communication time did not influence the personality development by “becoming a parent” or psychological / subjective well-being even if communication time is long enough, in case mothers could not recognize that their marital quality is good. These results were more systematic when it had analyzed only data of full-time housewives compared to these of wives who had full-time occupations.

　　F. Walsh notes family resilience as one of the strengths in the family, referring to the coping and adaptation process in which a suffering family recovers from crisis and adversity. According to Walsh, Family Resilience is the strength of struggling well and rebounding forward. This concept emanated from the paradigm of system theory, so it is introduced as a positive concept to encourage family strength and a healthy potential, not as just a risk prevention factor. That is, family resilience can fully function when it is adequately applied in clinical settings, which might be constructed to enhance family and family members to function with their own resilience.

　　In order to adapt and scrutinize this concept in clinical settings, we intended to develop a Family Resilience Inventory (FRI), as the first step. We instituted FRI of 44 questionnaires, which are based on 9 factors of the family resilience concept. We pre-tested on university students to examine FRI, using FACESKGII and Stress Coping Inventory (SCI) for relevance verification. As a result of factor analysis by the principle factor method, we determined four factors: ‘positive collaboration’ , ‘unity’ , ‘partnership’ ，and ‘stability’ These related to ‘cohesion’ in FACESKGII，to some extent and did not relate to SCI. Based on the results, we will present a clinical application model for the family to inspire their resilience. For that, we will pursue further research and literature reviews, regarding various vertical and horizontal aspects of family interrelationships.

　　This study explored social contextual correlates of mothers' involvement with their children through naturalistic observations in an outdoor setting. Two-hundred-twenty-five mothers with two children and 97 mothers with one child were unobtrusively observed while interacting with their children while crossing at a crosswalk without pedestrian lights. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed in terms of the patterns and sequential trends of the mother's involvement with her children. The mother's involvement was categorized into 5 patterns: holding in her arms, carrying in a　stroller, holding hands, being in contact with some other part of the body, and non-involvement. The patterns of the mothers' involvement with their children were recorded at 5 distinct phases: (1) from 5 meters to 1 meter before the crosswalk, (2) within 1 meter of the crosswalk, (3) from one side to the center of the crosswalk, (4) from the center to the far side of the crosswalk, and (5) from finishing crossing to 5 meters afterwards. The age-stage (0-1 yr，2-3 yr，4-5 yr，6-9 yr) of the children was also estimated. During as well as before crossing the crosswalk, two-child mothers interacted with their older children in some fashion less often than one-child mothers interacted with their similar-aged children in all of the 4 age-stages.Most of the two child mothers (80 %) who did not interact with their older children at phase 1，but who started interacting with them at phase 2，stopped interacting with them either at phase 3 or 4, while more than half of the one-child mothers continued to interact with them until they reached the far side of the crosswalk. Qualitative data analyses revealed that the presence of younger children reduced the mothers' involvement with their older children. Nevertheless, two-child mothers more frequently glanced at their older children or verbally warned them when the mothers did not interact with them on the crosswalk. This study suggests that multidimensional observations including outdoor settings can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of parent-child relationships. The process during which a mother withdraws from taking care of her children and the development of her child's self-reliance are also discussed in relation to the present findings.

　　The objective of this paper is to examine a method for effectively assisting or counseling patients with anthrophobia who have unpleasant experiences at the workp1ace until retirement, to the level of being unable to socialize.

　　This case relied predominantly on integrated relaxation methods and externalization techniques. The patient had internalized the problem into the “self”. As a result of counseling, the patient was able to shift to a state of externalization where the anxiety was separated from the “self.”

　　This study examines a case where the patient was enabled to confront their anxiety, and reached a state of objectification where they were able to cope.