The purpose of this study is to investigate the conflictive decision making of communication by using prisoner's dilemma game based on PIM (problem interaction model). PIM says that the higher the level of the problem, the lower the interaction level and this causes a reaction that leads to disqualification. An experiment is carried out and the subjects are 36 college students. Initially they are divided into 9 cooperative groups and finally into 9 traitor groups. Both of the groups had interactions before and after the prisoner's dilemma game. The experimental design consists of 2 factors analysis of variables which is given by the multiplication of before the game/after the game and traitor groups / cooperative groups. The problem level that exists as independent variables comprises of traitor groups and cooperative groups given by the results of prisoner's dilemma game. Interaction level that exists as dependent variables is given by the meaning of “movement of head asking for reaction” and “nodding” . On the other hand, disqualification is represented by a smile on the face. As a result which consists of the interaction level, the number of “nodding” is similar in the traitor groups and cooperative groups before the game. However, the number of “nodding” in the traitor groups is decreased compared to the cooperative groups after the game. The “movement of head asking for reaction” tends to show the same results of “nodding”. About the disqualification, the number of “smile” were similar in the traitor groups and cooperative groups before the game, but after the game the number of “smile” is increased in the traitor groups compared to the cooperative groups. This study suggests that the conflictive decision making situation can be represented well by PIM.

　　The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of Contexual Therapy in understanding and treating juvenile delinquents and their families.

　　Contexual Therapy established by Boszormenyi-Nagy, I. has consistently addressed the issues of morality, justice, and relational reality, while maintaining a systemic, transgenerational, family oriented focus. Since understanding and treating juvenile delinquents require an integrated point of view between individual psycho-therapies and systemic therapies, Contexual Therapy was assumed to be fit for juvenile delinquent cases.

　　Three clinical cases are herein presented to clarify the usefulness and limitations of the contexual viewpoint as applied to delinquent cases.

　　The case reports suggest that a complex mechanism of delinquency is well described by the concepts of Contexual Therapy; loyalty, fairness, destructive entitlement and so on. Also, the therapist's intervention based on relational ethics was found to be helpful.

　　The purpose of this study is to investigate the marital relationship before bereavement and the psychological processes after spousal bereavement to detect a clinical insight that promotes the bereaved's recovery. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among 19 elderly women who had experienced spousal bereavement within the last 5 years. The marital relationship was investigated through an evaluation of their husbands, intimacy, and home life. The psychological processes after bereavement were constructed from the following five steps based on Ross's study: shock, denial, anger, depression, and acceptance.

　　The findings were as follows: The subject's marital relationships before bereavement were classified into four groups. (1) The type of intimacy in which subjects tended to experience all steps of the psychological process, which included attachment and yearning for their husbands. (2) The type of affirmation in which subjects tended to reach the step of acceptance directly. It showed that they hadn't been affected by their husband's death. (3) The type of estrangement in which subjects tended to experience the step of anger and depression. (4) The type of rejection in which subjects tended to reach the step of acceptance only through anger. Anger, in regard to estrangement and rejection was defined differently in this study than it was in Ross's study.

　　These results show that the psychological processes after bereavement are influenced by the marital relationship before bereavement.

　　These are challenging times for Japan. Globalization of the economy, expansion of information technologies, a growing population of senior citizens, continuing urbanization and suburbanization, corporate restructuring, rising unemployment, expanding youth violence, the changing role of women in education and the workforce, the escalation of global terrorism are just some of the more notable trends pressing for attention. As a consequence, family structures are changing, lifestyles are becoming more diversified, patterns of employment are changing, and a broader use of technology is shaping interpersonal relationships as security becomes a national agenda. These changes are anticipated to have significant implications for expanding the work of psychologists and other mental health professionals in the not too distant future. In particular, changes in technology, culture, and interpersonal relationships will stretch the boundaries of professional practice, offering new opportunities and challenging existing standards for ethical practice.