As the advancement of the pediatric cardiology in recent years, the children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have been saved their lives and this results in the number of them. The problem of over-parenting which the children with CHD are given has been euphasised. Howerer, it is suggested that bringing them up and having guilt feeling for them makes consciousness of human growth as a parent.

　　The purpose of this paper is to explore the research question; “what illness experience process do a mother of her child with CHD trace?” 7 mothers of children with CHD in childhood were participated. The informant and I made chronological table from when whose child was born to the present, and then, had semi-structured interview along the table.

　　The current study found that (1) The experience process consisted of 3 stages: ＜the stage the disease turn out＞, ＜the stage the mother becomes a subjective to face the disease＞, ＜the stage the subjective shifts to the child＞. (2) 3 hypothetical knowledges are suggested. ① Their guilt feeling for their children can be caused in all stages. ② In the stage the mother becomes a subjective to face the disease, positive and negative experience are repeated at every medical treatment. ③ When the subjective shifts to the child, the mother takes a balance between thoughts from her experience and thoughts for child’s autonomy.

　　To support them, regardfulness of their loss and a feeling of maladjustment as a parent, and to focus the affirmative side of experience are important.

　　Relations between mothers and daughters are said to be closer than ever these days and they are said to be “identical twins”. This paper focuses on mother-daughter relationships in the stage when daughters are in emerging adulthood and going to be autonomous, and mothers have separation anxiety. Data from emerging adult daughters (G3:N=367), mothers (G2:N=279) and grandmothers (G1:N=106) were collected to examine intergenerational change and transmission of mother-emerging adult daughter relationships.

　　Comparing daughter cohort (G3) to mother cohort (G2) as emerging adults and mother cohort (G2) to grandmother cohort (G1) as mothers, today's daughters (G3) seem to be more receptive to mothers, have more sense of identity with mothers, more dependent on mothers, had more pubertal conflict on mothers than mother cohort (G2). On the other hand, today's mothers (G2) have “less hierarchical and individuated intimacy” with their daughters (G3), and by contrast, the grandmothers (G1) had “hierarchical undifferentiated intimacy” with their daughters (G2) (retrospect).

　　As for intergenerational transmission, mothers (G2) seemed to identify themselves as a mother with her own mother (G1) (i.e. introjection), identify themselves as a daughter with her own daughter (G3) (i.e. projection). By this mechanism, mothers' separation anxiety with daughters were intergenerationally transmitted. This way, the “working model of separation-individuation” was shown in mother’s separation anxiety. On the other hand, relations with mothers perceived by daughters were hardly transmitted from generation to generation. Implication of these findings for better mother-daughter relationships was discussed.

　　Social Withdrawal, “Hikikomori” in Japanese, has been a serious social problem for over twenty years in Japan. Although it is almost impossible to know the clear numbers of Hikikomori, from about half million to million people could be categorized in this term. A lot of studies and researches have been issued to elucidate the reason and to find out the solution of this problem. Some of the researchers began to shed light on Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) as one of the major causes of Hikikomori, recently. The purpose of this study is to make clear the relation between PDD and Hikikomori, and the features of Hikikomori caused by PDD, by the interview with five mothers of Hikikomori sons.

　　The result of the interview shows some significant ideas which help us understand why these people became Hikikomori. Although the symptoms of PDD appeared even from childhood, mothers did not take them seriously. After some problems happened on their sons, the mothers went to the public health center. But they had to go to different specialists until they could get a clear diagnosis. Even after their sons were diagnosed PDD, they could not get the particular support for their sons, so that their situations have not been improved yet.

　　The purpose of this study was to investigate about the family image of high school students in Uppsala, Sweden. Subjects included 61 high school students. They were asked to describe the family images through FIT in a group.

　　The main results obtained were as follows.

　　Fifty-four subjects described about their families that were consisted with parents and brothers/sisters. Three subjects described about their families that were consisted with their father or mother and brothers/sisters. Four subjects described about their families that were consisted with their step family's father and mother.

　　Fifty-four subjects had imaged almost the same power toward both a father and a mother as equality; had imaged their parental relationships with intimate; and some of immigrants families had imaged own family as a gathering. Four subjects had imaged toward their father and stepmother or their stepfather and mother whose power were mostly strong and stronger than them; and had imaged their parental relationships with intimate; and had felt more own power with the mothers family.

　　From the results, we found that there were the cultural-specified family structure and the relationships between parents and children regardless of living together or not that were connected with the social policy in Sweden.

　　To explore family relationships from the perspective of social context, the seating locations of members of two-children families while eating out were compared to those of their one-child counterparts. Fifty-two mothers with one child and 128 mothers with two children from 3 kindergartens in Japan completed the self-reported questionnaire. They were asked to report which of the available seats each of the family members would usually sit, based on an illustration of a table at a casual restaurant. In one-child families, more mothers reported that they themselves, rather than the father, were seated next to their children, whereas in two-children families different patterns emerged; more of the mothers reported that they usually sat next to their second child, while the father sat next to their first child. Furthermore, these birth-order patterns were more salient in families in which the participants reported that the second child care was necessary during the meal. Based on a comparison of the present findings with previous findings in other settings, it seems that the parent who is beside each of the two children may be determined by the family context as well as by the children's age. The results also confirmed that a cross-contextual perspective is necessary to gain a better understanding of family dynamics.

　　This study was to investigate the relation of the form of employment with middle aged women who were in their adolescence in the time when women were getting ahead in society. This relation was examined with regard to women’s value orientation (for personal goal value and for their mother role value) and consciousness of family role (consciousness of equality between husband and wife and consciousness of priority with their mother roles) and their life perspective. 270 middle aged women with children completed the questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for education indicated that orientation for personal goal value was a significant predictor of their life perspective for the total sample. For women with full-time jobs, orientation for their mother role value was also a significant predictor, and for women with parttime jobs, consciousness of a priority with their mother roles was a significant predictor of their life perspective. Findings suggested that for women with full-time jobs, both personal goal value and mother role value are important for their life perspective, but for house-wife women, only personal goal value was important for their life perspective.

　　The purpose of this study was longitudinally to examine about mothers' parenting skills and adolescents' sense of mutual trust, and psychological adjustment. This research was conducted at 3 points. Participants included 187 adolescents and their mothers.

　　Parenting skills is defined here as “mothers' actions for constructing and maintaining good relations with their early adolescent children.” A parenting skills scale is composed of three subscales: Morality skills (9 items), Self-esteem skills (8 items), and Understanding-interest skills (6 items). The scale for the sense of mutual trust in the mother-adolescent relationship is defined here as “mother and child mutually and sincerely understanding each other, and their relationship is based on a sense of trust and security.”

　　As a result, mothers used “morality skills” and “understanding-interest skills” for at Time3 more than at Time1 and Time2. Parenting skills at Time1, Time2 and Time3 were mutually related more than middle degree. As for Time2, “understanding-interest skills” significantly predicted for “adolescents' sense of mutual trust”. “Adolescents' sense of mutual trust” significantly predicted for “maladjustment” and “self-esteem.” As for Time3, “understanding-interest skills” significantly predicted for “adolescents' sense of mutual trust”. “Adolescents' sense of mutual trust” significantly predicted for “maladjustment.” “Self-esteem skills” of Time1 significantly predicted for “maladjustment” at Time2. “Understanding-interest skills” at Time1 significantly predicted for “adolescents' sense of mutual trust” at Time3. “Adolescents' sense of mutual trust” at Time2 significantly predicted for “maladjustment” and “self-esteem” at Time3. Constructing and maintaining the relationship using “understanding-interest skills” will be able to predict for adolescents’ sense of mutual trust and indirectly adolescents' psychological adjustment.