The impact of climate change on humans presents with three primary factors including increased variability, frequency, and intensity of natural disasters that systemically and reciprocally influence one another and results in disastrous circumstances globally. Not only do natural disasters threaten the survival of the planet and it's natural ecology, but they also lead to troublesome sub-system impacts on humans, such as conflict over resources and land. Current responses to climate-related disasters have had limited effectiveness; therefore, a systemic approach that addresses the nested hierarchies of sub-systems that influence disaster regions will provide a more adaptive response. Considering prevention, preparedness, disaster education, cultural flexibility, and capacity building through a systemic lens provides a more progressive and well-rounded approach to disaster management.

　The purpose of this study was to identify the experiences of mothers who have not attempted to seek help from their husbands and to explore the factors that constrain their asking for help in the year following the birth of their first child.

　To investigate the psychological process, 21 mothers were interviewed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the grounded theory approach.

　Results indicated that mothers went through the following psychological process: 1）they experienced an increased need for support from their partner; 2）they waited for spontaneous help from their partner because they tended to presume that their partner would understand their needs; 3）when their partner failed to give them support, they lost their composure and they had difficulty calmly asking for support; 4）they considered whether or not to ask their partner for support by comparing the cost（ the negative effect on their relationship） and the benefit（a potentially lightened burden）; and finally 5）they decided not to ask their partner for support.

　In addition, the following factors constraining a request for help were identified: 1）the negative effect the request would have on the couple’s relationship; 2）the negative effect the request would have on the partner’s job; 3）concern for the partner; 4）perspectives on one's role as a parent; 5）the partner's poor housework and child-rearing skills; and 6）the experience of having their request denied.

　Results suggested that mothers tend to refrain from seeking help from their husbands because they do not wish to degrade family relationships and because they hope that the husbands will actively change on their own. Wives can be encouraged to seek help, and this can be accomplished by informing them of the potential negative effect of refraining from asking for help over a prolonged period. After wives have refrained from asking for help for such a long period, there is a significant possibility that their frustration will increase and that verbal communication with their husbands will decrease further. Results also indicated the effectiveness of providing husbands an opportunity to verbally communicate their affection for their wives before the birth of their first child.

　　Loss experience might confuse and upset not only individuals, but also families. While all families could face loss experience; some families may be shattered, or others withstand and rebound.

　　This study compared the family resilience of families that had experiencing a loss and those that had not. In addition, qualitative changes in relationships among family members and family functions after the loss were examined, and factors for family resilience during the process of recovering from a loss were investigated. The Family Resilience Scale (FRS) was administered to participants (n＝408, 264 women and 144 men). Participants who had experiencing a loss (n＝ 153, 100 women and 53 men) were asked about the details of that experience and they were asked to describe qualitative changes in the relationships among family members and family functions in their own words. Results indicated that individuals and families who had experiencing a loss had greater family resilience than those that had not experienced a loss. Moreover, nine factors for family resilience were identified as facilitating the family's recovery.

　The purpose of this study was to examine how adolescents perceived their own family and how that process was captured in sandplay limited specifically to the topic of family. This study also examined the possibility of modifying this family sandplay for use in clinical practice. Eight participants were asked to continuously engage in family-themed sandplay for 10 sessions. After all of the sessions were complete, the resulting sandplay was analyzed from three perspectives: 1. The topic of family and relationships that developed during the sandplay sessions, 2. Types of pieces that were used to represent family members, and 3. Realizations about one's self and one's family that resulted from the sandplay and issues that surfaced. Furthermore, sandplay scenes were classified into two main categories based on their theme: I. Recollection of specific family events and recreation of family conditions and II. A mental image or imagining of family. The topic of “conflict between ‘independence from and dependence upon’ family was noted in all of the participants. In addition, the process by which this topic developed was found to be characteristic of adolescence. Moreover, family-themed sandplay appeared to be an effective way for participants to express abstract images of family unique to adolescence. Results also indicated that implementing this sandplay in a clinical setting would be feasible.