Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy
Online ISSN : 1882-6121
Print ISSN : 0916-8753
ISSN-L : 0916-8753
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Technical Paper
  • Ruel G. PENEYRA, Efren A. Dela CRUZ, Andres M. TUATES, Jr., Ofero A. C ...
    Article type: Technical Paper
    2025Volume 104Issue 8 Pages 107-117
    Published: August 20, 2025
    Released on J-STAGE: August 29, 2025
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The project aimed to produce hydrochar, an energy product, from wet biomass using hydrothermal carbonization, a process operating at subcritical water condition using cacao pod husk (CPH) as sample material. The abundance and lignocellulosic nature of CPH make it a potential candidate for the production of an alternative fuel substitute to natural coal. Increasing the calorific content with improved energy and mass density properties were the primary aim of the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of CPH into hydrochar fuel pellet. Using a prototype 20 L HTC reactor, two main parameters, temperature and reaction time were subjected to evaluation of their effects in the hydrochar output. The reaction severity as affected by either temperature or reaction time showed significant effect in the resulting mass yield (MY), higher heating value (HHV), and energy yield (EY). An increasing HHV was observed as temperature and reaction time increases. The HHV increases from 18.65 to 24.68 MJ/kg as the treatment combinations progresses from 180 °C - 6 h to 220 °C - 12 h. This is equivalent to an increase in energy densification from 1.10 to 1.45. In terms of added energy, the resulting value showed 10 % to 45 % increase per unit mass of material. The HTC process increases the calorific content of the biomass after conversion even at the lowest temperature and shortest duration by more than 1 MJ/kg as compared to its fresh or raw state.

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