Effects of electric currents on the duration of single node action current were observed.
1. An inward pulse applied to an active node shortened the duration of the action current. The effect was the more marked, the stronger the pulse (fig.1).
2. Conducted action currents were abolished by inward pulses of high in-tensities. The intensity required was always smaller when the pulse was ap-plied in the falling phase than in the rising or at the peak of the action current. The relation remained unaltered in altered composition of the Ringer solution employed (fig.1).
3. The current intensity requisite for abolition was more than ten times stronger than the peak value of the normal action current, when examined in the rising phase.
4. On the contrary, outward pulses prolonged the duration (fig.4).
5. The duration was shortened by anelectrotonus and prolonged by catelec-trotonus (figs.5-7).
6. Anode break excitations were found readily elicitable in single node preparations if only a strong (more than10times the rheobase) pulse was used. Thereby, the duration of the response was found longer than a normal make-response (figs.2and3).

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1) Some experiments concerning the anode break excitation (ABE) of single nodes of Ranvier were carried out, applying double air gap method to the toad's nerve fibres.
2) The threshold of the ABE was found very high, amounting to several hundred mV or even over1.0V, under the polarization time ranging0.4-10 msec. The high threshold was lowered markedly (to1/20-1/30) by application of catelectrotonus (several ten mV) or by depolarization of the neighbouring nodes by KCl. It was raised, conversely, by anelectrotonus.
3) The mechanisms of ABE-occurrence were discussed.

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1) Modifications in the size of the action current by Ca-free and Ca-excess solutions were investigated on both single myelinated fibres and fibre bundles of the toad's nerve.
2) The increase or decrease appeared to depend mainly upon the fibre types, not simply upon the external Ca concentration.
3) It was discussed that some kinds of ions (for example, Ca ions), other than Na and K, and also other factors related with metabolism and enzymatic activity in the membrane and protoplasm, may be involved in origination of the action potential of nerve. The sodium theory was criticized from this aspect.

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Using, as an index of excitation, the electrical phosphene elicited by the electric current running through the eyeball, we made a systematic study of accommodation of the retina to the exponentially increasing current, whose time-constant extended up to several hundred msec. The relation between the electric threshold (final voltage Vf) and the time-constant (RC) , namely, the so-called accommodation curve, was determined at six different levels of adaptation. The results obtained are as follows:
1) The accommodation curve for the dark-adapted eye is of duplex nature, namely, it is divided into two sections by a clear break at a time-constant of about 70-90 msec.
2) It is noticed that two sorts of subjective sensation of the electrical phos-phene are perceived in accordance with two sections of the accommodation curve.
3) The accommodation curve changes its form depending upon the intensity of illumination, where both sections of the accommodation curve shift separately upwards and sidewards respectively.
4) It is found that there are two types of the electric threshold strength-log-illumination curve. The one appears in cases of RC being shorter than 30 msec., while the other appears in cases of RC being longer than about 75 msec.
5) All these results stated from (1) to (4) may be explained by assuming two different seats of electrical excitation.
6) Hill's λ was calculated from each of both sections of the accommodation curve; the value of λ ranged between 366 and 18 msec. according to the experi-mental condition of illumination.
7) It is discussed that, if the time-constant of the exponentially increasing current is equal to a half period of the sinusoidal alternating current, both kinds of these stimuli have almost identical effects with regard to electrical excitation of the eye.

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1. Vital capacities and maximum breathing capacities were measured in fishing divers, nurses, and telephone operators with 20-39 years of age, together with maximum breathing rates and air velocity indices.
2. Four ventilatory values were highest in fishing divers, and lowest in telephone operators. However, the difference in vital capacity was relatively small.
3. Per cents of the measured vital capacities to the predicted were approximately 110, 100, and 100 in fishing divers, nurses, and telephone operators, respectively, whereas those of the measured maximum breathing capacities to the predicted were roughly 140, 100, and 90, respectively, in three groups.
4. Accordingly, the air velocity index and the maximum breathing rate were remarkably high in fishing divers and considerably low in telephone operators.
5. On the basis of these special features, it appears that the dynamic respiratory function is more affected by occupation, or more strictly to say, by daily exertion than the static function.

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Effects of strychnine on spinal motoneurons of the toad were observed with intracellular electrodes. The action of the drug was classified into three stages depending on the dose of the drug or the period of time elapsed after its injection.In the 1st stage, it was found that strychnine depressed the inhibitory process and generated a train ot spikes by a single orthodromic stimulation.In the second stage an orthodromic volley produced a long-lasting depolarization with superimposed spikes which became successively smaller in amplitude corresponding to the degree of depolarization. In the third stage the motoneuron soma spontaneously presented a periodic discharge accompanied by a large depolarization wave. This periodic depolarization wave was not also negated by superimposed spikes. The site of action of strychnine was discussed with the conclusion that the primary action of the drug is to depress the inhibitory process in the spinal cord and that the periodic discharge of motoneurons in strychnine tetanus originates in presynaptic elements.

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1. The membrane potential of single striated muscle fibres of toad, as modified by various Ca concentrations in Ringer fluid, was measured by means of an intracellular microelectrode.
2. The resting potential rose by up to about10mV with the increase of Ca concentration and it fell by several mV with the decrease in calcium to onefifth of the normal.
3. The magnitude of the action potential became greater by both 10-fold.and 30-fold increases in Ca concentration, but became smaller by 68.3-fold increase and by its decrease. The reversed potential was reduced with both the increase and decrease in Ca concentration.
4. Both the rate of rise and fall of the action potential was reduced approximately in proportion to the increase in Ca concentration, and the decrease in Ca concentration also caused a reduction in both values.
5. The neagtive after-potential became more prominent both with increased Ca concentration and with the rise in temperature.
6. The possible mechanism of the action of Ca ions on the active membrane was discussed.

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The increased motor response of the gastro-intestinal activity caused by peripheral stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, thoracic sympathetic trunk and its dorsal roots was studied on anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs and toads.
1) Peripheral stimulation of the splanchnic nerve and thoracic sympathetic trunk, causes universally inhibition of gastro-intestinal motility and at times, produced augmentation. The conditions capable of producing the motor response in the normal animals are different in the individuals.
2) After blocking the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia, stimulation of the splanchnic nerve and theracic sympathetic trunk always produce augmentation of the movement. The blockade of these ganglia was the indispensable condition necessary in producing the increased gastro-intestinal motor response by sympathetic stimulation.
3) By peripheral stimulation of the dorsal root of the thoracic cord, motor augmentation of gastro-intestinal motility can always be obtained. The motor response is not influenced by the block of the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia and the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
After a nicotine-solution is injected into the spinal ganglia, stimulation of the dorsal roots has no effect on gastro-intestinal activity.
Stimulation of the ventral root of the thoracic, cord always. causes inhibition.After blocking the coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglia, this inhibitory effect almost totally disappears.

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(1) This study, performed by Congo red test and electroretinogram, is concerned with the relation between the activity of reticulo-endothelial system and the threshold of b-wave of electroretinogram under normal and under excitatory state of reticulo-endothelial system.
(2) The granulopectic activity of reticulo-endothelial system was tested by Congo red test.
(3) The activity of reticulo-endothelial system was excited by the injection of a dose of 20 mg. carbon particles per 100g. of body weight. The results of Congo red test obtained under normal state were 35-40%, and that obtained under excitatory state of reticulo-endothelial system (by means of injection of carbon particles) was about 50%.
(4) Scotopic sensitivity was calculated as the reciprocal of the threshold ofb-wave, so the lower the threshold intensity, the greater was the scotopic sensitivity, and the greater was the increase of the height of b-wave.
(5) After2hours of injection of a suspension of carbon particles, the height of b-wave (elicited by monochromatic stimli of which wave lengths are 400, 430, 500, 520, 550, 580, 610, 640 and 670mμ) was rapidly increased.
(6) After the injection of a dose of 20mg. carbon particles per 100g. of body weight the threshold intensities of b-wave are decreased. Initially the threshold remained constant for about two hours. During a period of 2-4 hours after injection they fell rapidly, after which they did decrease no more.
(7) Scotopic sensitivity curve has two humps, one is in green region and the other in red. The maximum of the hump in green region is 520mμ, and the maximum of the curve for visual purple absorption is 500mμ. Therefore, the cause of the decrease of threshold of b-wave in green region may be assumed to be the augmentation of regeneration of visual purple. But the cause of the decrease of threshold of b-wave in red region may be assumed to be the augmentation of regeneration of unknown visual pigment of which maximum of absorption curve is 610mμ.

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1. Pencil-type microelectrodes consisting of a superfine inner pipette and a Ringer-filled outer pipette (5μ) were applied to the retina of the Cyprinid fish (Cyprinus auratus) to record the intraretinal action potentials (EIRG's).
2. The configuration of the EIRG was typical of Svaetichin's cone action potential. The depth for maximal EIRG's was 80-90μ from the vitreous side and 160-170μ from the distal tips of rods, and appeared histologically to be proximal to the receptors.
3. When an electrode was used with its inner pipette protruded a fixed length out of the tip of the outer pipette, both pipettes recorded similar EIRG's depending upon the depth of their insertion into the retina. With a tip distance of less than 30μ, the simultaneously recorded EIRG's through both pipettes were usually so identical that it was difficult to obtain their separate tracings.
4. It was concluded that the EIRG has its main origin in a retinal layer proximal to the receptors and that the recording of the EIRG may not be intracellular.

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1. In the toad's sartorius muscle, two receptive fields sensitive to stretch were found to be localized on the pelvic side of the site of nerve entry and on the tibial, and they were supplied by each corresponding branch. Those two receptive zones were verified also to respond to pressure. This holds good in respect to every individual fascicule.
2. The muscle was also clarified to be innervated usually bi-segmentally from DR 9, 10, and the latter mainly innervats the sensitive zone of the tibial side, and rarely trisegmentally, with DR8 innervating the pelvic zone.
3. By separating muscle into fascicules and observing histologically, it was clarified that each fascicule does not correspond to one stretch receptor, but one receptor is encircled by some fascicules.
4. The group of these fascicules innervated by one and the same afferent fibre was called “sensory unit” in this paper, because they have an integrated character. In a whole muscle, there were estimated to exist 5 sensory units either in the pelvic or tibial sides.
5. With the sensory unit, the impulse frequency of a single afferent fibre responding to stretch of a bundle of some fascicules was equal to the mean value of the impulse frequencies obtained by stretch with the same load on each fascicule constituting the bundle. This behaviour of the spindle response was elucidated tentatively with a mechanical interaction between the fascicules.
6. On the basis of these results, the phenomena of facilitation, occlusion and postexcitatory depression of the response of a single afferent nerve fibre were discussed, and a new model for the muscle spindle was depicted.

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Electromyographic observations were made in rabbits on the following muscles: M. trapezius pars cervicalis as a superficial muscle and M. rect. cap. dors. maj. et min., long. atl. and rect. cap. vent, as deep muscles.
Pressure applied to the root of earlobe facilitated muscle tone of rect. cap. dors. maj. et min. and inhibited the other muscles in ipselateral side. Reversed effect was observed with the same stimulus in contralateral side. Under this condition touch of the skin caused a transient burst in such a manner that the head returned to the level.
There was a continuous train of impulses in deep muscles, the discharge of right dorsal muscles was facilitated in tilting to the right or linear acceleration to the left. Opposed effect was observed in the left side. In the ventral muscles effects are in opposite sense. These effects were summed algebraically with those of pressure.
In horizontal rotation, rapid and slow phase of head nystagmus were seen in electromyographic records. The effect of pressure was summed algebraically in slow phase, modifying the rapid phase reciprocally. In bilateral pressure stimuli, rapid phase was not observed. Rhythmical discharge was sometimes caused by a single touch applied during the rotation.
These results were discussed in relation to tonic and kinetic activity of central nervous system.

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The predominance of right-handed spirals in the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat ducts, which has been established in man in our preceding work, is shown to hold also in the other primates, using 9 individuals belonging to7different species. Besides, a method is introduced which demonstrates the ductal spirals in man by vitally staining them with methylene blue.

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1) Action potentials in response to supermaximal stimulation of the optic tract were recorded by means of a microelectrode20-50 μ in diameter, placed at the inner surface of cat's retina. Two distinct negative spikes, CI and CIL were distinguished in the potential, each negative spike being preceded by a positive deflection. The average conduction velocity in the retina was found 3.9m/sec. for CI and 2.4m/sec. for CII.
2) When a flash of light of a few msec. in duration was given prior to antidromic stimulation, the antidromic action potential was suppressed to various degrees, depending upon the interval between both stimuli. The suppression of CII developed more slowly than that of CI.
3) The effect of wave-lengths upon the temporal pattern of suppression was investigated with colored lights of equal visual purple stimulation. The suppression showed wave-like fluctuations somewhat characteristic of the wavelength of the light used.
4) Interaction between both stimuli was investigated on isolated single elements, and in some cases intracellular recordings were carried out.
5) Based upon the knowledge obtained from single elements, various features of the suppression of compund antidromic potentials were discussed.

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In normal, overhydrated and dehydrated rats, depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid content due to epinephrine, histamine, ACTH and cold exposure was studied.
1) Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion due to epinephrine, histamine and cold exposure was greater in hydrated rats than in normal ones. The depletion due to ACTH in hydrated rats was the same as in normal ones.
2) Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion due to all of epinephrine, cold exposure and ACTH was very slight in rats administered 5 per cent NaCl solution.
3) Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion due to epinephrine and ACTH was somewhat smaller in rats deprived drinking water for 48 hours than in normal rats.

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1) Respiratory alkalosis of the circulating arterial blood was observed after vagotomy.
2) Bilateral vagotomy brought about a remarkable increase in the respiratory responsibility to 2 to 6 percent CO₂ in the inspired air.
3) The electric stimulus given to a central end of a served cervical nerve in the vagotomized animals caused an acid change of the blood simultaneously with the change of respiratory pattern.
In view of the above facts the most reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the available data is that the vagus nerve inhibits the excitability of the respiratory center to blood chemical stimuli.

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1. The rate constant of the catalatic reaction of hemolysate is only a few times as large as that of the catalatic reaction of red cell suspension.
2. The activity of hemolysate catalase once treated with H₂O₂ is reduced in proportion to the concentrations of H₂O₂ previously added. On the contrary, the velocity of the catalatic reaction of red cell suspension once treated with H₂O₂ is a few times as large as that in the original red cell suspension.
3. When the amount of red cell is small in both red cell suspension and hemolysate, a retarded stage appears in their catalatic reactions, but in case of red cell suspension, the acceleration of hydrogen peroxide decomposition appears at the same time.
4. The rate of catalatic reaction in red cell suspension seems to be determined by the rate of diffusion, which may be increased by H₂O₂.

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1. Fixation of red cells by catalatic reaction was investigated. Red cells after the completion of the catalatic reaction are not hemolyzed with distilled water, saponin, etc.
2. Fixed red cells can be preserved in water or in a dried condition.
3. Intravenous injection of the fixed red cells seems to show no harmful effect on organisms.

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1) The hydrodynamical equivalent radius of a red cell is almost equal to a in Cassinian oval, (x²+y²+a²) ²-4a²x²=c⁴, or ρ⁴-2a²ρ² cos2θ+a⁴=c⁴, (c>a) which represents a red cell shape.
2) Phylogenetic relationship between red cell shape and white cell nuclei was investigated. The shape of red cell and the mean nuclear number of white cells seem to change phylogenetically in parallel with each other.

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1) The glycerinated muscle fiber develops a tension of about 0.8g/mm² by 0.5M Thoulet's reagent.
2) The shortening of the glycerinated muscle fiber by Thoulet's reagent is prevented by K, Mg and Ca ions coexisted in Thoulet's reagent. However, even with1.9M KCl, the grade of shortening decreases less than 10%.
3) Salyrgan bears no marked influence on the Thoulet's reagent shortening of the glycerinated muscle fiber.
4) The Thoulet's reagent shortening of the glycerinated muscle fiber increases in degree wtih rise of temperature in the range of 0° to 60°C.
5) Even in low concentration (10^-4M), Thoulet's reagent shows a marked inhibition on the ATP contraction of the glycerinated muscle fiber.
6) Glycerinated tendon is shortened to about 10-20% of its original length by Thoulet's reagent.
7) Thoulet's reagent shortening of the glycerinated muscle fiber bears a striking resemblance to the shortening caused by CuCl₂ and that by high temperature, but differs in many points from ATP contracti

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Investigations were made on the relationship among the wave-length, the conduction velocity and the refractory period of the conducting spike of toad's sciatic-peroneal nerve and sartorius muscle preparation, and also of the giant nerve fibres of the crayfish.
1) A new graphical method was deviced for determining the wave-length. The principle was to regard the whole duration of a diphasic action potential as the conduction time just necessary for an impulse of a certain definite wavelength, to pass through a pair of leading-off electrodes. From this principle and some other assumptions which are practically acceptable, the wave-length could be estimated.
2) The wave-length thus determined was approximately 80mm and 10mm for the nerve and muscle of the toad respectively. That of the giant nerve fiber of the crayfish was 10mm.
3) The wave-lengths in frog's nerve and muscle and in crayfish's giant nerve were almost independent of some experimental conditions, such as temperature (consequently, conduction velocity) and aging of the preparation.

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By applying a new method and concept concerning the random stochastic process in the servo-system to the human brain wave, it is affirmed that purely random afferent inflowing signals (stimuli) are transformed by the generator system to the brain wave as the response of the system and the “transforming action” of the generator shows the nature of a damped oscillating system.

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Both alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the outer segment and nuclear fraction were examined.
1) The alkaline phosphatase indicates higher activty than the acid phosphatase in every fraction.
2) The activity of alkaline phosphatase in the outer segment fraction is weak.
3) Higher activity of alkaline phosphatase was found in the nuclear fraction.

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The distribution of alkaline phosphatase in ox retina was tested by the Gomori-Takamatsu method.
1) The alkaline phosphatase activities were widely distributed in the whole retina.
2) The nuclear layer of receptor cell and synaptic layer were stained considerably.
3) The outer segments of receptor cell were stained yello wish brown.

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1. The procaine e.p.p. has a special hump on its falling phase. Various properties of procaine e.p.p. were analysed by the technique of intracellular recordings.
2. When the initial membrane potential was displaced artificially, the size of the e.p.p. and that of the hump changed in opposite directions, i.e., the hump became more marked when the membrane potential was lowered, and decreased when the latter was high. At the membrane potential of about100mV, the hump was totally abolished.
3. Nature of the procaine hump of the e.p.p. was discussed. Probably, an augmented response of the end-plate at the later stage of the transmitter action and a local response of the muscle fiber are concerned to the formation of the hump.
4. Procaine decreases the sensitivity of the end-plate to ACh externally applied, 10^-4 procaine being of approximately equal potency to 1-2×10^-6 tubocurarine. This seems to be the most important factor for the neuromuscular block produced by procaine.

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Commercial Pitressin, crude vasopressin (16U/mg.) and purified vasopressin (approximately 200 U/mg.) exhibited the same activity per unit vasopressor activity in depleting rat adrenal ascorbic acid concentration.
Rat hypothalamus homogenate incubated with Pitressin and ATP was active in adrenal ascorbic acid depletion. Vasopressin appeared to be essential to the possible production of the effective material. Pitocin could not replace Pitressin. Cerebellum could replace hypothalamus, while brain cortex and brain stem could not. Epinephrine or nor-epinephrine could replace ATP. Heated hypothalamus homogenate was without effect. Addition of hydrocortisone into the incubation mixture did not alter the effect. The effect was not observed in hypophysectomized rats. Incubation of hypothalamus homogenate with Pitressin in the presence of ATP brought loss of antidiuretic potency of the mixture.

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1. Miniature electrical oscillation of insect muscle which had been found by Wakabayashi and Hagiwara was investigated phylogenetically. As materials the thoracic muscle of Odonata, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera and the tymbal muscle of Hemiptera were used.
2. Miniature electrical oscillation was obtained in the thoracic muscles of Diptera and Hymenoptera and the tymbal muscle of Hemiptera, but not in Odonata, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
3. Similar oscillation was observed with extra-and intracellular electrodes. Most probably the oscillation is not injury discharge and is myogenic in nature.
4. The oscillation is obtained in the rapid muscle of insects of higher order, so it can possibly be supposed to appear with the phylogenetic progress of the insect.
5. The correlations of the appearance of the oscillation to the development of exoskeleton, the type of contraction, the rapidity of contraction and the myogenic determin ation of contraction were also indicated. It is the fact of taxonomic significance.

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1) Thoulet's reagent induces contraction (syneresis) of the solutions of actomyosin (myosin-B), crystalline myosin and L-meromyosin.
2) The experimental conditions in which Thoulet's reagent contraction occurs are very different from those in the case of ATP.
3) These results essentially consist with the results of the authors' preceding report about glycerinated muscle fiber and Thoulet's reagent.
4) Thoulet's reagent drops the viscosity of F-actin solution and gives no influence on the external appearance of H-meromyosin solution.
5) From these results, the mechanism of the effect of Thoulet's reagent was discussed and it was concluded that this mechanism is different from that of ATP.
Thus, the view point of the preceding paper was emphasized again.

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1. Effects of NH₄⁺on the isolated muscle of frog and toad were studied. Chiefly, sartorius muscle was used. When the muscle is immersed in NH₄⁺ Ringer, discharge frequency of miniature e.p.p. increases very much and at the same time fibrillations of muscle fibers are produced. Effects of NH₄⁺ appears with a delay.
2. Fibrillations due to NH₄⁺is completely suppressed by tubocurarine and can not be suppressed by tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that the augmentation of discharge frequency of miniature e.p.p. is the cause of the fibrillation.
3. Fibrillation from this origin can not be produced by K⁺, though discharge frequency is increased by K⁺. Possible causes of the difference were discussed.

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In plasma of horses with equine encephalomyelitis a pyrogenic substance was found. This substance is almost the same in chemical properties and characteristics of fever response as that found in equine infectious anemia.

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1) To ascertain that a single skeletal muscle fibre can have double terminals from branches of a single nerve fibre, experiments were done on preparations of the frog's whole sartorious muscle:(a), on a preparation of a fibre bundle obtained by reducing muscle fibres (b) and also on a preparation of a single muscle fiber connected with a single nerve fibre (c).
2) The ocurrence of this mononeuronal double innervation of an individual muscle fibre was clearly demonstrated in this experiment by examining the pictures of the spike potential which were taken at one end of the muscle before and after cutting one or more of branches innervating the muscle.
3)(a) showed that double innervation by the same nerve fibre occurs in numbers of muscle fibres in the whole muscle.
(b) showed that mononeuronal double innervation occurs by various branchings of a nerve fibre.
Furthermore (c) showed most clearly the mononeuronal double innervation and from this the distance between two junctions was estimated.
4) Physiological significances of mononeuronal double innervation were considered in comparison with polyneuronal one. A size of motor unit may be different according to its mononeuronal or polyneuronal double innervation.
Rapidity and gradation of contraction are also somewhat different between the two.

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1. Spectral absorption is measured in a single cone from the carp retina, by a specially designed microspectrophotometer.
2. Five photopigments having λ_max 490-500mμ, 520-540mμ, 560-580mμ, 620-640mμ and670-680mμ are detected in various cone outer segments. The occurrence frequency is high for the first three.
3. As to the rod pigment, the λ_max, is between520-530mμ in the carp and between500-505mμ in the frog.
4. A few cones which seem to possess two photopigments are observed in the carp.

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In order to clarify why the rhythmical contractions of the postnatal intestine proceed downwards, experimental study of fetus was performed as follows:
Human and bovine intestines in several fetal stages were observed histologically; the movements of the intestinal specimens kept alive in Tyrode's solution were observed under the microscope and recorded with cinematographic method, and the action potentials thereby produced were also traced from the intestines; regarding the pathologic physiology, the function of dilated bovine intestines with their contents increased with Tyrode's solution injected into them was observed.
Around the8th week of fetal life, the human intestine has circular muscle, but neither longitudinal muscle nor intramural nerve developed in its wall, and shows distinct automatic contraction-ring, which travels either in the orthoperistaltic or anti-peristaltic direction. From a single original contraction-ring often occur two divergently travelling peristalsises described above. This fact proves that in the early stage of fetus, without any intramural ganglion developed, peristalsis exist but the direction of peristaltic conduction is not decided.
In and after the9th week, the waves of contraction, some proceeding upwards and others downwards, are intensified by degrees with the development of longitudinal muscle and intramural ganglion.
The anti-peristaltic movements become more and more indistinct later on till in and after the19th week of fetal life and the movement of the intestine are predominantly ortho-peristaltic, but the rudimentaryfunction of anti-peristalsis never eradicated.
Experimentally, a bovine intestinal specimen in the later fetal stage readily starts anti-peristaltic movement, especially when its content becomes accumulated
In electrophysiological observation the ortho-or anti-peristaltic contraction is accompanied by action potential; and a single contraction-ring corresponds to one group of spikes.

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1) The electrical properties of the spinal ganglion cell of toads were investigatedwith intracellular microelectrodes.
2) A preamplifier was deviced in order to use one and the same electrode both for recording and for stimulation. The principle and the actual circuit were described.
3) The successful impalement was achieved with microelectrodes of a finer tip and by readjusting the electrode position after penetration of the ganglion cells, judging the condition of the cell membrane by anodal pulses.
4) The resting potential obtained were between 50 and 80mV, and the action potentials 80-125mV.
5) The rising phase of the action potential had two inflection points, suggesting the three-step conduction from the axon to the cell body. Corresponding to them three component potentials of different configuration could be isolated from each other. They were named as S spike, NM spike and M spike.
6) The falling phase of the action potential was followed by an after-positivity, and the relation between its magnitude and the membrane potential was investigated.
7) The rheobasic current and the critical depolarisation for the direct stimulation with the impaled microelectrode were 1.2×10^-9 A and 17mV respectively. The rising phase of the directly evoked action potential had in almost all cases one inflection point, suggesting that the non-myelinated segment was first excited and the cell body was activated later.
8) The electrical resistance and capacitance of the cell membrane were measured by applying pulses directly to the cell membrane. The respective values obtained were 2.2Ωcm². for the cathodal current and 4.0kΩcm². for the anodal one, and 1.0μF/cm².
9) For strong hyperpolarising currents the membrane resistance was reduced after it attained to the maximum value, and it took several seconds to recover to the original value after the break of currents.
10) The polarising current affected the membrane activity, and the conduction from M spike to NM spike or from the latter to S spike was blocked by a suitable hyperpolarising current.

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(1) A single fungiform papilla was stimulated by a fine capillary containing various taste solutions and it was found that a single papilla responded to mechanical stimuli (touch and pressure) and four fundamental kinds of taste solutions (salty, bitter, acid and sweet). It also responded to distilled water.
(2) It was shown that frog's tongue responded to sucrose solutions of more than 1/8M and to saccharin solutions of more than 1/32M.
(3) The water response was depressed by not only such common salts as NaCl, NaNO₃, NaHCO₃, NaOH, KCl, KBr, KI and NH₄Cl but also by sodium acetate and sodium sacchrin, while CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ failed to depress it.
(4) The possibility that the withdrawal of some cations, possibly potassium ions, from cell interior may initiate the water response was discussed.

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1. The spectral transmittance of retinal colored oil globules was measured in situ in five species of Sauromorpha with microspectrophotometer.
2. In every species, red and orange oil globules exhibit a property of sharp cut-off filter. Yellow one extends the cut-off end considerablely to shorter wave side of spectrum. Pale green globule absorbes very little and transmits almost whole region of spectrum.
3. It was quite impossible to determine the absorption maximum of oil globule pigments because of its extreme high concentration in situ. The difference in oil globule tint seemed not due to the difference of chemical kind of carotenoid but to the difference in concentration or in mixture ratio of the known carotenoids.

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1) The intracellular contents of potassium and sodium in the cardiac muscle of the toad were determined by a combined use of the flame photometory and the inulin space method. In the nonperfused heart, sodium and potassium in ventricles were 3.9mEq. and 99.5mEq. per kg. of fresh tissue excluding extracellular fluid respectively, and in auricles 5.0mEq. and 118.9mEq. per kg. of fresh tissue excluding extracellular fluid respectively.
2) When perfused with normal Ringer solution, about5mEq/kg. of fresh entire heart of potassium is liberated in perfusates in 4 hours. This is more probably due to leakage from cardiac muscle regardless of the action of heart.
3) Sodium and potassium in ventricles after perfusion with normal Ringer solution are 7.2mEq. and 86.5mEq. per kg. of fresh tissue excluding extracellular fluid. Sodium and potassium contents inauricles were analyzed but not computed in terms of intracellular contents. If about10% swelling occur in perfusion, the amount of decrease of intracellular potassium content roughly agrees with the amount of liberated potassium.

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1) Basal metabolism was measured on 9 male adults every month throughout one year or two in a room at uniform temperature. The metabolism undergoes seasonal changes, increasing progressively with getting cold and decreasing with getting warm. The average maximum range of this variation is 17.6% of the mean for the year in Kyoto, where the monthly mean atmospheric temperature shows a variation about 22.2°C. in a year.
2) The changes in basal motabolism lag behind those in environmental temperature. Consequently the metabolism is higher in the spring than in the fall, even when the environmental temperature is the same.
3) Monthly determinations of P. B. I. in serum were made on 4 subjects throughout one year, and similar seasonal variation to that in basal metabolism was found. The maximum content 7.9γ% was found in January and the minimum of 4.7 r% in August. There is a clear positive correlation between metabolism and P. B. I.
4) It was verified experimentally that both the basal metabolism and the concentration of serum P. B. I. can be reduced in parallel by changing the environmental temperature to a summer level (about 30°C.) from the winter cold (about 9°C.) and staying there over a week or so.
5) From these, it is concluded that the thyroid activity present adaptative changes to seasonal changes of environmental temperature, and thus the seasonal alteration of basal metabolism is provoked.

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