This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Coping Behavior with Parental Conflict scale for Adolescents (CBPC-A), as well as to explore the influence of coping mechanisms on interparental conflict, emotional insecurity in the interparental relationship, and adolescents’ adjustment. A questionnaire survey was administered to 132 high school students in Japan. The CBPC-A was found to comprise five higher-order factors: “involvement,” “avoidance,” “distraction,” “support seeking,” and “cognitive construction,” which were deemed to have adequate construct validity. The results of the adjusted mediation analysis suggested that “support seeking” and “distraction” served as protective factors against emotional instability, mitigating the impact of emotional instability on adolescent depression and self-esteem, while “involvement” was identified as a risk factor for the effects of emotional instability on adolescent aggression.

Our sensory functions decline with age. Older people have been reported to compensate for sensory deficits by using auxiliary equipment, medical treatments, and sensory mechanisms such as multimodal integrations. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic surveys research for sensory problems of older people in daily life. Through an online survey, we investigated what kind of sensory problems exist and how these problems were coped with by older people (60─70 years old), with middle-aged people (40─50 years old) data. Frequency and text-mining analyses found that problems of hearing and body movements were reported more frequently for older people due to aging. Visual problems were reported by all age groups and were attributed to aging, but coped with by using auxiliary equipment and medical surgeries in older people. The 50’s age group reported visual problems most frequently. Our findings suggest that sensory problems subjectively felt in daily life are attributed to aging but are not necessarily remarkable in older people.

This study conducted a three-wave panel survey concerning subjective rewards as a factor that inhibits caregiver turnover (T1 [N = 1,087]), T2 [N = 690], and T3 [N = 546]). A longitudinal logistic regression analysis was conducted using the Subjective Rewards Scale for Human Service Professionals (SRS-HS), which uses the five factors of financial, growth, social, interpersonal, and stability as independent variables and the presence or absence of job turnover in the subsequent year as the dependent variable. In addition, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis that categorized turnovers into workplace or occupational turnovers. The regression analysis revealed that turnover among caregivers was prevented by hygiene factors such as financial and stability rewards. Furthermore, stability, interpersonal, and growth rewards, which showed relatively high levels, indicate the positive aspects of caregiver work and should be actively publicized to increase human resources.

Visual perception is not uniform across the visual field, and performance exhibits heterogeneity with spatial location. Such asymmetry has been observed in several tasks, including those mediated by contrast sensitivity, but it has been reported that vertical lines can be detected with constant performance regardless of spatial location. In this study, we investigated the asymmetry of vertical and horizontal lines in space using a temporal segregation task. As a result, horizontal lines showed asymmetry in space, but vertical lines showed no asymmetry. This suggests that exogenous or endogenous attention cannot attenuate asymmetry, but that asymmetry may not occur when information extraction is completed quickly.

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human-like mental states to nonhuman entities. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism Questionnaire (IDAQ-J) and to examine its factor structure, reliability, and validity through three studies. Factor analysis revealed that the IDAQ-J has three first-order factors (anthropomorphizing natural entities, technological devices, and nonhuman animals) and one second-order factor (general anthropomorphism). The IDAQ-J showed high internal consistency and moderate test-retest reliability. In terms of validity, the IDAQ-J showed moderate positive correlations with anthropomorphism of nature and machines, and predicted low negative emotions about interacting with robots and teleological beliefs. On the other hand, the IDAQ-J showed weak relationships with anthropomorphism of nonhuman animals, attitudes toward nature conservation, and fear of robots. Further research is needed to interpret the validity of the IDAQ-J.

This study examined a curvilinear relationship between grit and performance in Japanese university student athletes, in two parts. In Study 1, a cross-sectional survey was administered to 205 university student athletes. Multiple regression analysis was carried out, and the results revealed an inverse U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perseverance of effort and decline in performance. In Study 2, a longitudinal survey was conducted on 99 university student athletes who also participated in Study 1. Multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between grit and decline in performance; however, considering the confidence intervals and effect size, there was a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between consistency of interest and decline in performance. These results suggest that there is an inverse, U-shaped curvilinear relationship between perseverance of effort and performance decline cross-sectionally, although further research is needed to clarify the longitudinal relationship between consistency of interest and performance decline.