高圧力の科学と技術

巻頭言

著作物は誰が為に

草場啓治

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 85-86
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.85

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特集：地球深部の動的物性と物質輸送

マントル深部レオロジー研究の最近の進歩

川添貴章

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 88-99
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.88

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In this article, the following recent advances in the deep mantle rheology are reviewed. (1) High-precision global gravity data put new constraints on the present deformation of the deep mantle and, in turn, mantle viscosity. (2) Anisotropic structure has been revealed in the mantle transition zone and the lower mantle. (3) Pressure condition of strain-rate controlled deformation experiments has been expanded to 15-25 GPa at 1700-2100 K. New insight into dynamics of the Earth's interior should be brought by interpreting the new geophysical observations with rheological data that will be obtained by the advanced deformation experiments.

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原子拡散実験から推定されるマントル遷移層の流動特性

下宿彰

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 100-107
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.100

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Diffusion experiments of garnet, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite, which are the major constituents of the mantle transition zone, have been conducted using the Kawai-type multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus. Si diffusion rates appear to be the slowest in the major element in these minerals, and they control the rates of plastic deformation. Based on the Si diffusion coefficients, rheological properties of the mantle transition zone are discussed.

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上部マントルおよび遷移層物質の熱伝導

大迫正弘, 米田明, 伊藤英司

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 108-117
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.108

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Measurements of thermal conduction for materials in the Earth's upper mantle and the transition zone under high pressure have been developed by using a Kawai-type apparatus, with a one-dimensional plane pulse-heating method. This method is a predominant one for study in mantle materials under pressure because it requires comparatively small amount of sample and is applicable to materials with anisotropy in thermal conduction. Thermal conductivities and thermal diffusivities of olivine, garnet, pyroxenes, serpentine and talc were measured under high-pressure using this method.

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パルス光加熱サーモリフレクタンス法を用いた高圧力下での下部マントル鉱物の格子熱伝導率測定

太田健二, 八木貴志, 廣瀬敬

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 118-125
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.118

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Thermal conductivity of lower mantle minerals is essential for controlling the rate of core heat loss and long-term thermal evolution of the Earth, but it has been poorly constrained at the high pressures of the Earth's lowermost mantle. We have newly developed an apparatus for measuring the thermal diffusivity using a pulsed light heating thermoreflectance technique under high pressure in a diamond anvil cell. The new method enabled us to determine the lattice thermal diffusivity of both MgSiO₃ perovskite and post-perovskite, the main constituent of the Earth's lower mantle, at room temperature and at high pressures up to 144 GPa greater than the core-mantle boundary pressure. Lattice thermal conductivity of perovskite-dominant lowermost mantle assemblage obtained in this study is about 11 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, while post-perovskite bearing rocks exhibit ～60% higher conductivity. Such perovskite value is comparable to the conventionally assumed lowermost mantle conductivity of 10 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹.

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高温高圧力下における周期振動実験による地震波減衰測定

芳野極, 山崎大輔, 肥後佑司, 舟越賢一

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 126-135
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.126

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An experimental method to study the seismic attenuation factor (Q⁻¹) and anelastic properties of materials at high pressure and high temperature has been established by using the multianvil high-pressure deformation device (D-DIA) and a synchrotron X-ray radiography at SPring8. Time resolved images of the sample and reference material provide their strain as a function of time during cyclic loading. Attenuation is determined as the tangent of the angle of phase lag between the sample and the reference material. A newly installed short period sinusoidal cyclic loading oil pressure system enable us to determine minimal strain of the sample in a wide frequency range from 2 to 0.01 hertz on olivine aggregates at 1 GPa and up to 1673 K. The detectable minimum strain is around 5×10⁻⁵. Several test experiments exhibited resolvable Q⁻¹ (10⁻²) above 1273 K. The results are generally consistent with previously reported data.

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マントル遷移層の非平衡鉱物構成

西真之

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 136-144
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.136

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Untransformed metastable minerals exist under the low-temperature conditions of the subducting plates. Here I report the experimental studies on the transformation kinetics of pyroxene and garnet at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Slow kinetics of the pyroxene-garnet transformation due to the low atomic diffusion rate indicates that large low-density metastable regions would exist in the slab, greatly contributing to the slab stagnation around the mantle transition region.

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受賞記念解説：高圧力学会奨励賞

第一原理計算から見た高圧力下における元素の挙動

石河孝洋

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 145-154
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.145

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Physical properties at ambient condition are only a small fraction of the real figure of materials, and their hidden properties are revealed by pressurization. I and collaborators have studied on physical properties of elements under high pressure using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. In this article, I briefly introduce our previous and current works on pressure-induced structural and superconducting transitions in hydrogen, calcium, yttrium, iron, copper, gold, carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, iodine, and argon.

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高圧力下における SiO₂ ガラスの振る舞い

佐藤友子

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 155-161
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.155

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The high-pressure behavior of SiO₂ glass has attracted considerable attention because of its importance not only in condensed-matter physics and materials science but also in geophysics. We have conducted X-ray absorption/diffraction measurements and optical-microscope observation to understand the behavior of SiO₂ glass under hydrostatic and uniaxial compression. SiO₂ glass undergoes pressure-induced structural transformations first in the intermediate-range order (the network structure consisting of SiO₄ tetrahedra) and then in the short-range order (the coordination number). Under uniaxial compression, the atomic arrangement in intermediate-range order deforms largely and a large differential strain remains after decompression. This article attempts to review these interesting behaviors, mainly based on our recent researches.

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研究室紹介

岐阜大学工学部電気電子・情報工学科
佐々木・久米・松岡研究室（高圧物性）

中村悠輔

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 162-163
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.162

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サロン

アメリカ地球物理学連合
秋季大会（AGU2013 Fall Meeting）報告

桑原荘馬

2014 年 24 巻 2 号 p. 164-165
発行日: 2014年
公開日: 2014/06/07

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.24.164

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