高圧力の科学と技術

巻頭言

圧力は，再び私たちを救えるか？

山﨑彬

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 97-98
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.97

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特集：生物関連高圧研究の最前線

“揺らぐ”蛋白質構造：高圧NMRによるT4リゾチームの解析

前野覚大, 赤坂一之

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 100-108
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.100

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We have gained evidence from our high-pressure NMR work on proteins that, unlike in crystals, proteins in solution fluctuate in general in a wide conformational space from within the basic folded (N) even to the fully unfolded (U). Increasing evidence indicates that high-energy sub-states, existing between the two, often have crucial roles in function. Here we find one such example in an enzyme T4 lysozyme, which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond of the peptidoglycan hetero-polymer of the bacterial cell wall. In this article, we show how we analyze conformational fluctuations of T4 lysozyme in a wide conformational space with high-pressure NMR spectroscopic techniques, from which we identify the high-energy sub-states relevant to function.

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圧力摂動熱量法によるリン脂質二分子膜の体積挙動および緩和挙動の定量的観測

玉井伸岳, 後藤優樹, 松木均

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 109-115
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.109

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Pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) is a relatively new calorimetric technique which allows us to investigate volume behavior of solute molecules in aqueous solutions or colloidal particles in aqueous dispersions. This article deals with the application of the PPC technique to phospholipid vesicle dispersions along with a brief description about the theoretical aspect of this technique on the basis of our recent studies on the volume and relaxation behavior of phospholipid bilayers.

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核酸構造の熱力学的安定性に及ぼす分子環境と高圧力の効果

高橋俊太郎, 杉本直己

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 116-125
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.116

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Although the pressure effect on a canonical structure of duplex is very small, G-quadruplex DNA, which is one of the non-canonical structures, destabilized with increasing pressure as well as proteins. The volumetric parameters of the formation of G-quadruplex were largely affected by molecular environments such as molecular crowding conditions. The volumetric analysis of non-canonical structures by using high pressure opens a new category in nucleic acids chemistry, which helps us to understand the information of the bulk structure and hydration, and design new drugs for nucleic acids in a living cell.

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高圧力顕微鏡の開発と生物ナノマシンの運動観察

西山雅祥

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 126-135
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.126

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Molecular motor is a typical molecular machinery in which the characteristic features of proteins are integrated; these include enzymatic activity, energy conversion, molecular recognition and self-assembly. These biologically important reactions occur with the association of water molecules that surround the motors. Applied pressures can alter the intermolecular interactions between the motors and water. Here, we describe the development of a high-pressure microscope and a new motility assay that enables the visualization of the motility of molecular motors under conditions of high pressure.

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Shewanella属細菌の生育圧力とタンパク質の安定性の関係

政成美沙, 三本木至宏

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 136-142
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.136

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Shewanella species are mostly marine bacteria distributed widely from shallow- to deep-sea areas. The species from the deep-sea grow well under high pressure, exhibiting what is called ‘piezophilic growth’. In contrast, those from the shallow areas cannot grow under such high pressure, thus showing ‘piezo-sensitive growth’. Proteins from deep-sea piezophilic Shewanella must adapt to high pressure, which may otherwise affect protein structure. Proteins from both piezophilic and piezo-sensitive Shewanella species are useful tools for comparative analysis to understand the pressure adaptation mechanism of proteins. In this review, we presented some comparative studies on proteins from Shewanella and other related bacteria.

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産業利用の視点から捉えた高圧処理の活用方法

小林篤, 西海理之

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 143-154
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.143

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This paper describes the application of high-pressure treatment from a viewpoint of industrial utilization. High-pressure treatment induces the transformation of agricultural and livestock products, and this “pressure history” (the influence of high-pressure treatment) has an effect on later processes. A later enzymatic reaction is promoted by the destruction of the cell walls, even in post-harvest farm products. In addition, the heat-resistant spores decreased after receiving a high-pressure treatment of 200 MPa before heating sterilization, and even heating at 100℃ to 105℃ showed that food could still be sterilized.

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受賞記念解説：高圧力学会学会賞

圧力軸からみた蛋白質―高圧NMRがひらく新しい世界

赤坂一之

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 155-164
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.155

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The combination of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy with pressure perturbation, known as variable-pressure NMR spectroscopy or simply high-pressure NMR spectroscopy, is a relatively recent accomplishment, but is now a technique expanding rapidly with high promise in future. The importance of the method is that it allows, for the first time in history, a systematic detection and analysis of structures of high-energy sub-states in proteins along with their equilibrium populations. Here I describe how the method discloses the new concept and roles of proteins in the biological world. Furthermore, I expect that the knowledge on high-energy sub-states of proteins obtained in this way will contribute to a more logical and efficient use of pressure in food and other applications.

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受賞記念解説：高圧力学会奨励賞

地球内部のマグマ

坂巻竜也

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 165-171
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.165

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Knowledge about magma in the interior of the Earth is important to understand the formation and evolution of the early Earth, and the volcanic activity of current Earth. In order to replicate the Earth's internal conditions and study the deep magma, high-pressure techniques are necessary. In this article, high-pressure experiments on silicate melt/glass and newly acquired results are reviewed with focusing on the following 3 topics; (1) the gravitational stability and the mobility of magma in the Earth's and planetary interiors based on physical property (e.g., density and viscosity) measurements; (2) the effect of volatile components, such as H₂O and CO₂, on magma density; (3) the relationship between the degree of polymerization and the structure/properties of silicate melts and glasses under high-pressure condition.

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下部マントル条件下での拡散律速反応帯成長と非平衡相転移

西真之

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 172-180
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.172

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Atomic diffusion rates and transformation mechanims of mantle minelars provide important constraints for understanding many physical and chemical processes in the Earth's interior, including mantle rheology and chemical transportation. Here I introduce two recent experimental studies on the atomic diffusivity and transformation mechanisms of mantle minerals under lower mantle conditions up to 50 GPa using a Kawai-type high-pressure apparatus combined with sintered diamond anvils. Diffusion-controlled growth kinetics of the polycrystalline MgSiO₃ bridgmanite enabled us to estimate the grain boundary diffusivity of bridgmanite in the lower mantle. Also, metastability of the deep subducted plate was disscussed based on the mechanism changes through the post-garnet transformation under large over pressure conditions.

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研究室紹介

東京大学大学院理学系研究科地殻化学実験施設
鍵研究室（地球化学・地球惑星物質科学)

松林拓人

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 181-182
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.181

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サロン

第47回米国地球物理学連合秋季大会（AGU 2014 Fall Meeting）参加報告

張友君

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 183-184
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.183

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物質科学および惑星科学における極限環境に関する国際スクール・ワークショップ（MEC-MATPLA）報告

梅田悠平

2015 年 25 巻 2 号 p. 185-186
発行日: 2015年
公開日: 2015/06/10

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.25.185

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