When children receive dental treatment, they frequently express anxiety, fear, and other emotions via recognizable physical behavior, and this behavior often interferes with effective dental treatment. We have previously examined the extent to which the interfering physical behavior of children during treatment produces psychological stress in dentists. When people are subjected to stress, however they tend to engage in coping behavior that helps to process and control that stress. The present study thus focused on the relationship between the stress produced in dentists by children during treatment and concomitant coping behavior of the dentists. The following results were obtained.
1. The dentists' psychological stress scores significantly correlated (at the.01 level of significance)to the frequency of coping behavior related to that stress. However, no significant correlation was found to the total quantity or intensity of that behavior.
2. Among members of the problem-oriented group, no significant correlation was found between any of the coping behavior and psychological stress scores. Among members of the emotion-oriented group, a significant difference was found between the high-stress group and low-stress group in both total quantity (at the.05 level) and freqency (at the.01 level) of coping behavior.
3. In examining six coping patterns, a significant difference (at the.05 level) was found between the high-stress and low-stress groups in the extent (total amount) to which they “diverted attention”. A diffence in frequency at the.01 level was found between the group that sought to control emotion by diverting attention versus the group that remained rigidly on task. No significant diffences in intensity were found among any of the groups.
The above findings suggest a relationship between dentist psychological stress scores (for stress received from children during treatment) and coping behaviors related to that stress, with the incidence of coping behavior increasing in proportion to stress. Problem-oriented coping and emotional-oriented coping were also mutually facilitating and controlling. This supports the notion that human beings are most successful when they use both problem-oriented and emotion-oriented coping mechanisms to handle the stressful situations they encounter in their everyday lives.

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Various procedures have been proposed to treat incipient caries in the pits and fissures of immature permanent teeth. In this study, we reduced the pits and fissures using diamond fixed scratch points, and examined the effectiveness of this technique prior to clinical application. Firstly, extracted teeth were prepared by reducing the pits and fissures with diamond fixed scratch points. The teeth were observed under a scanning electron microscope before and after the etching process to examine the reduction and the cleanliness of the exposed surfaces as well as the condition of the etched surfaces. Component analysis of the surfaces was performed using an X-ray microanalyser. After fissure sealant was applied to the cavity, the teeth were observed under a stereoscopic microscope to examine the condition of the sealant application and a cold-hot thermal cycling load test was performed to investigate the occurrence of microleakage.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Under a scanning electron microscope, enamel tags were clearly observed on the gingival surfaces following the reduction and etching process. These enamel tags showed a honey-comb appearance.
2) The scanning electron microscope revealed a spit-like cutting pattern and the absence of organic remnants.
3) Component analysis using an X-ray microanalyser showed marked components proper to the tooth substance bat no organic remnants.
4) The area from the fissure orifice to its base was filled with the sealant.
5) There was no microleakage between the tooth surface and the sealant 1 month after thermal cycling.
6) Cutting of primary caries in the fissure could be minimized.

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We observed that the optimal parameter for estimating the adaptability to dental procedures in children was the developmental age. In this study, we looked for useful items to predict readily the adaptability of each child patient to Enjoji's Infant Analytic Development Test.
The subjects were 125 children(mean age 4 years 1 month±1 year 6 months). Their behavior was observed during the simulation of dental procedures, and was analysed the correlation with each of the items in the Development Test. In the statistical evaluation, we used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC).
The results were as follows:
1) Each of the items in Enjoji's Infant Analytic Development Test was negative on AIC, and was relevant to adaptability to dental procedures.
2) The item most relevant to adaptability to dental procedures was the hand activity of “fastening a button”.

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The purpose of this study was to analyse problems during weaning based on the results from the questionaires to the mothers of children with Down syndrome (DS).
We also discussed the contents of the nutritional instruction by the nutritionist at the first session. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, one was a group of 52 children with DS many of whom had congenital heart disease and the other was a group of 143 controls who had no disease.
We obtained the following results.
1. At the beginning and the during weaning, the anxiety toward weaning on the past of the mothers of children with DS was statistically more remarkable than that of the control group.
2. At the beginning of weaning, the anxiety of mothers for the time of the start of weaning was more noticeable in the DS group with congenital heart disease (CHD) than that without CHD. As the weaning progressed, the anxiety for the volume of milk and the method of imparting food became more remarkable.
3. The DS group with CHD surgery started weaning the latest, followed by the group with CHD observation, and the third group without CHD. The control group started the earliest.
4. As for the nutritional instruction by the nutritionist, the largest portion of the instructions was devuted to how to cook in the initial stage of weaning, nutritional problems in the middle stage and other various problems.

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Vesnarinone (3,4dihydro-6-[4-3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl-1-piperazinyl]-2(1 H)quinolinone) is an inotropic agent used for treating congestive heart failure. Its clinical application is restricted because of agranulocytosis as a side effect. To clarify the mechanism of vesnarinone-induced agranulocytosis, I investigated the effects of vesnarinone on ceramide-related cell differentiation and apoptosis in hematopoietic cells, and cytokine secretion in HFL-1 fibroblasts as a model for stroma cells, In HL-60cells, vesnarinone increased cell differentiation assessed by NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) reducing ability and apoptosis by DAPI (4,6-diamidion-2-phenylindole dihydrocrochloride) staining. It also increased generation of ceramide which has been recognized as a proapoptotic lipid mediator. I also found that both vesnarinone and ceramide significantly inhibited TPA-induced IL-6 secretion from HFL-1 fibroblasts. These results suggest that vesnarinone-induced agranulocytosis is caused by both the inhibition of the growth factor secretion from fibroblasts, and the enhancement of cell differentiation and apoptosis via ceramide signalling in hematopoietic cells.

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The Knoop hardness numbers (KHN) were measured for the composite resin specimens 1 day after curing (lday group) and 5 years after curing (5 year group: stored in 37°C artificial saliva), and the influence of the Knoop hardness on the post-irradiation color changes was investigated. Composite resin disks which were 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, and made of the 3 M Co. light-cured composite resin Silux Plus (shades: U, Y, DY, L, G, UO, YO) were made with 20,40, and 120 seconds of light exposure through a 1 mm thick glass plate. The chromatical values of the specimens 2 hours after curing in the 1 day group and immediately after curing and 5 years after curing in the 5 year group, and the KHN of the specimens 1 day after curing in the 1 day group and 5years after curing in the 5 year group were measured. All of the data were statistically analyzed using a Student t test.
1) In the comparison of the KHN between the specimens after 1 day and 5 years in the different light-irradiation times, all of the resin shades of those after 5 years showed significantly higher values than those of after 1 day except for YO in the 20 sec. group, U and DY in the 40 sec. group and DY in the 120 sec. group.
2) In the comparison of the KHN among the shades in the different light-irradiation times, for the DY and L after 1 day and Y and G after 5 years, the KHN of the 20 second group were significantly lower than those of the 40 and 120 second groups.
3) Both in the 1 day and 5 year groups, in the 120 second group was it found that the higher the L*(lightness) values the higher the KHN of the shades were.
4) Both in the 1 day and 5 year groups, the relationship between the opacity % and KHN was cornpared among the different light-irradiation times. In the 20 second group of the 1 day group and the 40 second group of the 5 year group, the higher the opacity % the higher the KHN of the shades were. In the other groups, however, the relationship between the opacity % and KHN was low.
5) In the 5 year groups, the ΔE*ab (color difference) values between the colors immediately after curing and after 5 years were obtained, and the relationships between the ΔE* ab and KHN were compared among the different shades. In the 120 second group, the higher the KHN the lower the ΔE*ab were. However, in the 20 second and 40 second groups, the relationship between the KHN and ΔE*ab was low.

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It has been reported that the incidence of fractures is markedly high in endodontically treated immature teeth. Clinically, it has been thought that resin composites and dentin bonding agents being used for the restoration of the access cavities may provide, to some extent, resistance against fracture to the pulpless immature teeth.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of restorations on the physical strength of pulpless immature incisors. In the present study, we examined the effects of access cavity restorations with several resin composites and dentin bonding agents with respect to the resistance to fracture of pulpless immature bovine incisors when the breaking loads were applied slowly on them.
The materials were 220 bovine incisors, divided into 22 groups. Each group consisted of 10 incisors. The access cavities and root canals of the teeth were restored using several resin composites, and dentin bonding agents, with or without metal inlays, or stainless steel posts.
The findings observed during the fracturing processes as well as the load curves were compared among the groups of different restorative methods. The resistance to fracture of the teeth was subjected to t-test to examine statistically the diffenrence between the experimental groups. The results were as follows.
1. The access cavities of the root canals were filled with resin composites and dentin bonding agents. When the long cylinder was used for the fracture experiment and attached into the road cell of the testing machine, most of the teeth fractured according to the course from the lingual crown surface to the labial cervical line, and the fracture patterns were similar to those observed in human endodontically treated immature incisors. By this fracture method, the teeth were significantly strengthened by filling the access cavities with resin composite alone or some resin composites with dentin bonding agents, more than the empty cavity.
2. In the teeth restrated with labial metal inlays or the deeper cavity with resin composite and dentin bonding agents, cervical root fracture were more frequent. In the teeth treated with full length posts and dentin bonding agents, the mean resistance to the fracture of the teeth was higher. A statistically significant difference was seen between the mean resistance to fracture of the teeth restored with another method. Incompleted root fracture, however, was observed in most teeth.

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A comparative study of the size of tooth crowns and dental and basal arches in both deciduous dentition and permanent dentition between Japanese and Chinese living in the city of Beijing was conducted using plaster casts, while their relationship to biting force was also investigated. The results were as follows:
1. The mesiodistal crown width of deciduous teeth, especially of deciduous second molars, was smaller in Chinese children than in Japanese children, whose data were obtained from the Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry. In the permanent dentition, the mesiodistal crown width of lower first and second molars was significantly larger in Japanese males than in Chinese males, and that of all of the teeth was significantly larger in Japanese females than in Chinese females. With regard to the correlation between the sizes of homonymous teeth in the upper and lower arches, there was a significant correlation in the deciduous central incisors and second deciduous molars in Chinese children, in all permanent teeth in Japanese females, and in all permanent teeth in Chinese males and females. Chinese children showed a higher correlation than Japanese children.
2. Concerning the sizes of dental and basal arches, there was no significant difference in the dental arch width between Japanese and Chinese children from 3 to 5 years of age, but the dental arch length was larger in Japanese children than in Chinese children of the same age range. In the permanent dentition, Japanese children had larger arches both in the dental arch width and length than Chinese children, but the difference was more apparent in the arch length. The basal arch width in the permanent dentition was larger in Japanese females than in Chinese females, but the basal arch length was smaller in the upper arches and larger in the lower arches, in Japanese females than in Chinese females. Since Chinese generally have a stronger biting force than Japanese, these results suggested that the difference in the size of tooth crowns and dental arches between the two races may not be directly related to the difference in biting force.

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The structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels in the periodontium of deciduous teeth with and without physiological absorption of the dental roots were investigated, using 31 hybrid dogs from 2 to 6 mouths of age.
After being anesthetized with pentobarbiturate administered intraperitoneally, the dogs were perfused with 3.3% sodium sulfate solution from the common carotid artery and were injected with 0.8-0.9% silver nitrate solution containing Indian ink and Indian ink solution, using hand pressure. After that, the animals were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and the maxilla and mandibule were resected. The excised jaw specimens were examined by microradiography. These specimens were then demineralized using PlankRychlo demineralizing solution, and were cut into 20 blocks. After being dehydrated, the specimens were embedded in Paraffin, and were serially sectioned sagittally at a thickness of 40 to 50 μm. The sections were exposed to ultraviolet rays.
Result: It was found that the lymphatic vessels in the periodontium run along the axis of the tooth closer to the alveolar bone at the cervical regions and were contributed with plexus at the root apex regions, with and without physiological absorption of the dental roots. Some branches communicated with lymphatic vessels in the bone-marrow, through Volkmann's canals in the alveolar bone. Many lymphatic vessels were accompanied by blood vessels. When the distrbution of the lymphatic vessels was compared with the regions in one tooth, there were more lymphatic vessels on the distal side than on the mesial side of the tooth, and there were more lymphatic vessels on the lingual side than on the buccal side of the tooth. In addition, there were more lymphatic vessels in the posterior deciduous molars than in the anterior deciduous molars. The nets of blood vessels were formed and the number of lymphatic vessels increased closing these nets of blood vessels at the absorption cavities of the sites where physiological absorption of the root was detected. These results suggest that the courses and distribution of the lymphatic vessels may markedly affect the progress of periapical lesions and the prognosis of endodontic treatmant.

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To investigate the cause of the jaw motor dysfunctions in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), we compared the reaction times in the CP patients and healthy subjects for the simple reaction-time for the jaw opening motor task. Six CP patients and 6 normal adults participated as subjects. They were instucted to open their jaws as quickly as possible in response to the visual stimulus (S 2) following the sound stimulus (S 1) for the task. A mandibular kinesiogram was applied to record jaw movements. Bipolar surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the right digastric muscles to observe the agonist muscle activity during jaw opening and right masseter muscle activity during jaw opening. Based on the difference between the EMG and jaw responses, the reaction time was fractioned into the premotor time (PMT) which was the period from the signal to the onset of muscle activity, and the motor time (MT) which was from the onset of muscle activity to the start of movment. Both PMT and MT were significantly longer in the CP patients than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that CP patients have problems in both the processes of the motor preparation for jaw movements.

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When different lasers were applied to the dentin of immature permanent teeth to block external stimuli during dental restorative treatment, our study, showed that a carbon dioxide laser was found to be the only laser that covered enough conditions to seal the dental tubules. In view of the clinical application of the CO₂ laser, this study was carried out based on the irradiation conditions obtained in a previous study. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the effects of heat produced by laser irradiation on the pulp when changes in the thickness of the dentin is changed. For this purpose, changes in the temperature of the dentin near the pulp were measured. The results were as follows.
1. For both normalpulse and superpulse lasers, the rise in the temperature of the dentin increased when the irradiation time increased, the average output increased, or the thickness of the dentin decreased.
2. The rise in temperature remained lower for the superpulse laser than for the normalpulse laser throughout the irradiation.
3. The rise in temperature became higher as pulse cycles per second became higher for the same irradiation time.

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To investigate the txture of food suitable to the development of the infant palate, we felt that there was a need to develop testing method using a plunger and cup based on the morphology of the palate of infants. We developed a plunger and cup, taking into consideration the recognition of food by the tongue as well as the relationship between the food is pushed against it and the motion of the tongue. When producing the plunger and the cup we used serial dental casts (with at least 4 months of follow up) obtained from 5 males and 4 females during the first year of life at five month intervals.
We developed the plunger and cup for obtaining the results of measurements. A plunger was produced that examined medial palatal width, the morphology when the tongue was pressed into the palate and the situation when the tongue pressed food to the palate. A cup was produced that examined maximum palatal width, posterior palatal width, para alveolar wall width, anterior palatal length, maximum palatal height and the space of para alveolar wall height. With the production of a plunger and cup the medial palatal width, it was possible to develop a test system which resembles the movement when the food is pressed to the palate by the tongue, the most important and basic movement for infants when partaking of food.
We established Physical Property Test System for Infant and Baby Food development using a Plunger and a Cup well suited to the form of infantile oral cavity.

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In order to clarify the dentiton and occlusion in children, a new three-dimensional measuerement method using numerized data and computer-generated wire frame models are described.
Study casts of three children (1 male,2 females) were examined by means of this three dimentional measurement system. Measurements for all points for each subject were recorded except when teeth were missing. According to the numerized resulting measurements, we were able to analize the width, depth and height of their dentition and occlusion. In addition, the reasulting measurements were used to make three-dimensional computer-generated wire frame models (Profilogram). These Profilograms were useful in revealing the characteristic profile of each subject.
The results for each subject are as follows.
1 ) Case 1 was a boy with normal occlusion. This individual had no specific abnormalities of the denititon or occlusion. His primary moler relationship was termed as that of a flush terminal plane.
2 ) Case 2 was a girl with anterior and posterior cross-bite on the right side. Her overbite was -4.21 mm. Her dental arch form exhibited a left shift of the mandibule. Her posterior occlusion was an Angle Class III malocclusion and she had posterior crossbite on the left side.
3 ) Case 3 was a girl with open bite. In the upper view, the dental arch form was the V-shaped form. Her dentition was characterized by a small distance between the cusps of the primary canine and in maxilla and large overjet (5.65 mm).
Thie usefullness and simplicity of this method make it a potentially valuable tool for quantitative assessment and analysis of the dentition and occlusion in three dimensions.

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The purpuse of the present study was to analyze the dentition and occlusion of children in prone the sleeping position in three dimensions.
40 study casts were examined: 20 children in the prone sleeping position in infanthood(PP) and 20 children in tbe supine sleeping position in infanthood(S).
The resulting measurements were normalized and used to make three-dimensional computer-generated wire frame models of their dentition and occlusion. The data were also compared with Japanese children with normal occlusion. The findings were summarized as follows:
1) Concerning the average distance between the mesiolingual cusps of the maxillary second decidous teeth, the PP in males was 33.41 mm, the PP in females was 32.56 mm, the S in males was 36.32mm, and the S in females was 34.32 mm.
2) Concerning the average distance between the mesiolingual cusps of the mandibular second decidous teeth, the PP in males was 28.85 mm, the PP in females was 27.96 mm, the S in males was 31.37 mm, and the S in females was 29.74 mm.
3) Compared with the S, PP dentition was characterized by a smaller arch width, larger arch length in maxilla, and larger overjet.
4) The PP dentition had a normal tendency in the incisal edge-cusp curve and in dental hight.
5) The Dental arch form of the PP dentition was symmetrical and had a V-shaped form.

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It has been stated that 40-50% of the cases with fusion of deciduous teeth showed congenitally missing of one of the permanent successors. In other studies however, differences in prevalences were observed when comparing the types of fused deciduous teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fused deciduous teeth and their relationship with the permanent successors in order to this apply as a good referenced at the public dental health services for children.
The sample consisted of 152 children (79 boys and 73 girls). Total of 182 fused deciduous teeth (boys: 100 cases, girls: 82 cases) were found during routine clinical examination. Dental radiographs were obtained from each child and all of the children were observed longitudinally until their permanent successors erupted.
1) The prevalence of congenitally missing permanent successors differed considerably among the types of fused teeth.
2) Cases with fusion of a mandibular central and lateral deciduous incisor (ab-type) showed a 11.1% of prevalence congenitally missing of those permanent successors. However,71.1% of the cases with fusion of a mandibular lateral deciduous incisor and deciduous canine (bc-Type)showed congenitally missing of a permanent tooth.
3) Cases with the fusion of a maxillary central and lateral deciduous incisor (ab-type) showed a 70.6% prevalence of congenitally missing successors and when they existed, many cases showed malformed crowns such as peg-shaped teeth. It is therefore reasonable to assume that this type of fusion nearly always affects the permanent dentition.
4) Statistically, there was a significant prevalence of mandibular ab-types occurring in boys and mandibular bc-types occurring in girls. No significant difference based on sex was observed however in the prevalences of congenitally missing permanent tooth.
5) No bilateral difference was observed in the prevalence of congenitally missing permanent tooth.

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The tongue plays various important roles in the development process of the eating and swallowing functions which are acquired by infants. Few researchers, however, have objectively evaluated the developmental changes of the tongue movement during the transitional period from sucking to swallowing. In the present study, the tongue movement in infants from the 20 th to the 52 nd week of age was ultrasonographically observed and the frontal section of the dorsal surface was visualized from the submandibular part. Furthermore, the developmental changes of the tongue movement in the course of time were qualitatively analyzed.
1. In the 20 th week, a U-shaped hollow was formed on the dorsal surface during swallowing. Generally the tongue corpus showed a simple up-and-down movement.
2. In the 26 th week, a central groove was formed in the median part of the dorsal surface during swallowing.
3. In the 35 th week, the right and left margins of the dorsal surface of the tongue touched the palatal sides of the alveolar ridges corresponding to the upper posterior teeth, and the median part of the dorsal surface simultaneously showed the tongue central groove formation movement.
4. During the period from the 35 th to the 52 nd week, the uniformly stabilized the tongue central groove formation movement of the median part of the dorsal surface of the tongue was repeatedly observed.
5. The changes in the tongue central groove formed by the alimentary bolus in the median part of the dorsal surface of the tongue were carefully observed in the course of time and the development changes of the tongue movement were classified into the following six stages; resting, preparing, central groove forming, central groove disappearing, palate pressing and repositioning stages.
The Coronal section of the dorsal surface of the tongue was used to study the development process of the tongue movement. The right and left margins of the tongue touched the palatal sides of alveolar ridges and were fixed there.
The tongue central grooving for alimentary bolus formation was observed in the areas ranging from these contact fixation points toward the median part of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This detailed observation of the tongue central grooving formation process contributed significantly to the kinetic analysis of lingual food transportation movement at the time of swallowing.

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A dental clinic attached to a maternity hospital had been opened since 1993 to supply oral health management to mothers and children from early childhood. In this paper, initial patients who visited our dental clinic from January 1996 to December 1997 were investigated to understand the actual conditions of the patients. The following results were obtained:
1. The number of initial patients during this period was 1,221, of these 650 were boys and 571 were girls.
2. Approximate 60 percents of all of the subjects were under 2 years old and the average age was 2years 11 months.
3. Fifty three percent of the subjects answered that the institution for the delivery was Miyake Maternity Hospital.
4. Forty six percent of all of the subjects visited our clinic for consultation concerning preventive treatment. In contrast to this,39% had the chief complaint of dental caries and toothache.
5. Thirty three percent of all of the subjects were had not experienced caries. In contrast to this,19% of subjects had severe caries.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the untreated immature replanted incisors on periodontal healing. The materials were 6 beagle dogs with permanent dentition whose maxillary left and right second incisors were extracted, replanted and physiologically (semi-rigid) splinted. Root canal treatment (pulp extirpation and calcium hydroxide dressing) was performed only on the right side incisor one week after replantation. On the same day, the splints were removed on both the left and right. At regular intervals during this study, we checked tooth mobility and the Gingival Index (GI) and took intraoral radiographs and intraoral photographs. The results were as follows.
1. The tooth mobility data and GI score were analyzed statistically and no significant differences were seen until 5 weeks after replantation, but significant differences were observed at 5 weeks after replantation onward.
2. The intraoral radiographs and general intraoral photographs suggested that untreated replanted incisors caused a worse outcome in terms of periodontal healing. The differences became clearer after 5 weeks after replantation.
The above results suggest the importance of diagnosis before 5 weeks after replantation by the tooth mobility test and other clinical examinations in determing whether root canal treatment for immature replanted permanent teeth is needed.

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A survey of knowledge concerning osteoporosis prevention and habits in daily life among 48 female college students was performed in city of Kitakyushu, Fukuoka. The evaluation consisted of a focused history of habits until 18 years of age and consciousness of osteoporosis prevention among them and the people around them.54% had been given some advice for osteoporosis prevention by people around them untl 18 years of age. Most of contents of the advice,47% of the total, was associated with calcium intake. A significant correlation was noted between the habit of eating small fish and being given some advice concerning osteoporosis prevention until 18 years of age. There were tendencies in which students having received the advice also had had a habit of a daily intake of milk except for schooll lunches since six years of age, and in which students not given some advice for the intake of food containing rich calcium at home had a habit of eating instant food. The present study revealed that giving young people concrete knowledge concerning health promotion would be effective in imroving their eating habits.

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This study was conducted to examine the validity of the Cariostat(Rt)e st (Sankin, Tokyo, Japan). Seventy three children aged 3-6 years were the subjects of the present investigation. Two plaque samples were collected with cotton swabs from each subject at same time. In addition the validity of the Cariostat(Rt)e st was examined by intra- and inter-examiners. The following results were obtained;
1. A caries prevalence of 60.3% was found and the mean dt, mean dft, and mean CSI (Caries Severity Index) were 2.45,4.18,9.23, respectively.
2. The Cariostat score showed a high significant correlation with d-t, df-t, and CSI (p< 0.01).
3. There was no significant difference between the 2 test groups with 24 h,48 h,72 h incubation time. Sixty three percent of the 2 tests groups with the 48 h incubation time showed the same rating of the Cariostat score. And 31.5% rated with the difference of 0.5, and 5.5% rated with 1.0.
4. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups to rate by an intra-examiner rating at a distribution of Cariostat with 48 h. Approximately 84% showed the same rating of Cariostat score, and 16% rated with the difference of ±05.
5. There was no significant diference between 2 groups to rate by an inter-examiner rating at a distribution of Cariostat with 48 h. Approximately 78% showed same rating of Cariostat score, and 22% rated with the difference of ±05.
This study confirmed the validity of the Cariostat test.

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Transposition of the teeth is defined as an anomaly in tooth placement as well as teeth which had changed places with each other the frequency of outbreak is very rare.
Diagnosis of transposition of the teeth requires considerable observation of the positions of the root apexes for distinguishing perfect transposition from the imperfect which looks like perfect although transposition of only the crown portion is seen, by taking panorama X-ray photographs, necessary for examination.
At Innoshima City Medical Association Hospital we encountered a case of transposition of 3 and 4 in an outpatient, aliginne idr regulasequence“435”as erupted, consideriend r elatiotno the position of these root aperes.
As the result of the treatment, that patient obtained aesthetic satisfaction without premature contact in jaw movement through occlusal adjustment at the lingual cusp of 4.

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Skeletal mesio-occlusion is one of the most common malocclusions in Japanese children. Incidence of the impaction of the upper central incisor is also relatively high. It is, however, considered to be rather rare in an individual who exhibits congenital missing of the first permanent molars and discrepancies along with these anomalies. Dental care for the developing occlusion of a Japanese girl having all of the above-mentioned anomalies was performed from 8 year-0 month of age upto the fully mature stage of the occlusion.
The chin cap therapy with orthopedic force was used for treatment of the skeletal mesio-occlusion, from 8 year-2 month to 15 year-2 month of age. Unerupted bilateral upper first molars and an impacted upper right central incisor were found at the time of first visit. The unerupted upper molars were diagnosed as the second molars due to the developmental level and the coronal morphology, while the upper first molars were accordingly diagnosed as agenesis. The upper right and left second molars erupted in the position of first molars at 9 year-11 month and 9 year-7 month of age respectively. Discrepancies in the dentitions were respectively solved by excision of the impacted upper right central incisor and by extraction of the lower left central incisor. A multi-brackets appliance was used along with the chin cap therapy for the final alignment correction The upper right lateral incisor aligned at the position of the excised upper right central incisor was restored with the jacket crown having the crown contour of the upper right central incisor. In this case, a functionally as well as an esthetically satisfied permanent occlusion was obtained.

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Alagille syndrome is characterized by hepatic ductular hypoplasia associated with characteristic facies, vertebral malformations, retarded physical, mental, and sexual development, and cardiovascular anomalies. Four children with Alagille syndrome, ranging in age at the first visit from 2 years and 8months to 4 years and 3 months, have been under our dental health care. The dental findings were as follows:
1. The grayish-yellow or green coloration of the primary teeth, the yellow staining of the gingival tissues and marginal gingivitis were found in all four children.
2. Three of the four children had multiple dental caries. The children were found to have enlarged pulp chambers of their primary teeth, based on radiographic examination. Decalcified sections of the extracted primary teeth showed wider predentin layers than normal tooth sections and prominent interglobular dentin.
3. The cephalometric analysis of two children revealed that both of them had mandibles with a shorter ramus height and a larger genial angle than standard.
4. Two of the four children sometimes suffered from continuous gingival bleeding caused by trauma or primary teeth during the shedding period.
5. In the child who underwent liver transplantation at age of 9 years and 7 months, the gingival condition improved after the transplantation.

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