Life science is one of the most important fields that should promote innovation, and the patent policy plays an important role for the promotion of life science research. In late years while the patent applications related to the life science research increase globally, the promotion of the protection of the intellectual property rights is internationally discussed, which is expected to improve the incentive to life science research. Specifically, ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement) was agreed in October, 2010, and Japan signed to ACTA in October, 2011. There is also the argument about the intellectual property system in TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership). The international harmonization of the patent examination is also discussed, and comparative studies related to Examination Guidelines are discussed among Japan, the United States, Europe and other countries. Also, member countries of the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) are increasing, and the international harmonization of the patent examination is advanced rapidly. It is expected that these trends improve the incentive to a life science research through an adequate protection of the results of the research. As for the effect of the patent rights, the interpretation of the research tool patent was discussed. Examination Guidelines about an extension of the patent terms was revised, which is also important for the incentive to life science research. As future issues, the compulsory license in TRIPS (the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the benefit sharing on CBD (the Biodiversity Convention) are under discussion, which are important issues for life science research.
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