The Journal of Science Policy and Research Management
Online ISSN : 2432-7123
Print ISSN : 0914-7020
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Volume 10, Issue 3_4
Displaying 1-50 of 56 articles from this issue
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  • R&D Management in New Era : "Governance" as a Key Concept in R&D ManagementBABA,Jun'ichi
    Jun'ichi BABA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 122-126
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_122
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    Continuous innovation through research and development (R&D)in every developmental stage is essential for an enterprise to cope with the rapid structural changes in technology. The R&D division of a company has much to deal with concerning future. R&D management must comprise the corporate governance, a dimension other than routine management (which is concerned with choice of means to achieve short-run corporate targets). Governance related to identification of the corporate objectives, company's responsibility to other parties (including shareholders, customers and employees), and inspection of appropriate management actions. Important aspects of R&D as related to governance are presented in the following sections: Strategic decisions and investment, core technology and exterior resources, R&D evaluation, responsible society and open management, needs of specialized education in technology management, and requirements for R&D mangers.
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  • Quest for the Discipline of "Science Policy and Research Management"
    Ryo HIRASAWA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 127-130
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_127
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    The area of interest of the Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management is quoted from its prospectus, and characteristics of the discipline concerned with the area are discussed. The discipline has three salient features: (1) extensiveness of the subject area and depth of individual specialties included, (2) absence of universal principle inherent to the voluntary actors which form a part of the object of research, and (3) structured and practical character as required for a research program. The author discusses some difficulties encountered in dealing with the discipline.
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  • Origin of Modern Science and Modern Organization
    Jyuji MISUMI
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 131-135
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_131
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    A task for The Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management is to view the interrelationships between science, technology and human organization, as well as their evolution as a total process, in terms of research management and science policy. The modern science does not aim at approaching the ultimate truth as did the science in the Renaissance era. It consists rather of incessant self-reorganization based on short-lived hypotheses for problem solving. This "research" feature is characteristic to the modern science as distinguished from "Renaissance" or "mechanistic" type of science in the past. Any organization dealing with science and technology should, therefore, have not only a "mechanical" but a "research" aspect, which, as heterogeneous as such, should be integrated in it. The Society should embody this "post-bureaucratic" principle in its discipline and organization.
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  • A New Paradigm for The Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management
    Tadao MIYAKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 136-141
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_136
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    Promotion of creativity is generally acknowledged as the most important agenda for Japan's science and technology policy. For our Society to contribute to the task, a new paradigm is needed which should provide the basis for research activity. The present paper describes the author's experiences of paradigm change in his own research career, and discusses the paradigm for the author's present research on the "vicious structure" in the policy science.
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  • A Thought on the Concept of Discipline
    Atsunobu ICHIKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 142-146
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_142
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    The term "discipline" means primarily teaching or training. However, the Japanese, who tried to import sciences as an established system as efficiently as possible in the late 19th century, tend to understand the word in a derivative sense of specialty. As a result, the Japanese academic circle has acquired a habit to extend existing science rather than creating new principles on the basis of reality. The author, who has been engaged in the system science from its beginning in this country, has been opposed to make a "discipline" in this sense out of it, because it would prevent self-innovation of science stimulated by reality. The paper describes the development of the system science in Japan and discusses the principle of the research organization that allows such self-innovation.
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  • The Life Cycle of Scientific Research
    Keiichi YAMADA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 147-151
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_147
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    Research activities of the study group on "research on research" are reviewed. The group was organized by the author in 1967 at the newly founded Social Engineering Section of Tokyo Institute of Technology, to be succeeded later by the Social Engineering Division of Tsukuba University. The focus is on studies on the life cycle of scientific research, and analysis of the process of formation of new disciplines.
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  • Expectations from Science
    Toshihiko OTA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 152-157
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_152
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    Japan has more than 1,000 organizations that are classified as academic societies. Higher education is much sought after in this country. These phenomena reflect social expectations from science in some from or other. The present paper discusses the role of academic societies in fulfilling such expectations. Science has its origin in the intellectual curiosity of Man. Results of researches are accumulated to form a science, which eventually provides a reliable system of knowledge by presenting convincing explanations phenomena. However, science consists essentially of logical consequences which describe only particular aspects of an entity; the "correctness" of science lies solely in this logic. It is this limitation that gives rise to an expectation of a new science. A task for an academic organization is thus search for a new framework of science.
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  • Technological competence and International Competitiveness of Enterprises : Illusion vs. Reality : Critical Essays
    Masaaki HIROOKA
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 158-167
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_158
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    The present paper discusses factors that may mislead judgements on the international competitiveness of Japanese companies. While the overestimated yen value exaggerates the value added and productivity of Japanese industry, estimations based on the purchasing power parity reveals that the labor productivity, per capita GDP and labor cost of Japan are all inferior to those of the U.S.. Analysis of the Japanese industry in terms of patents, research publications and technology trade balance shows that excessive competition squeezes the profitability of the chemical industry, although its technology level is comparable to that of American and European counterparts, while the competitiveness of the electronic industry lags behind that of the U.S. in spite of the highly estimated competitiveness. Japan cannot maintain the "catch-up-oriented" innovation in the next generation; instead, originality should be pursued in cooperation with academic research activities.
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  • The Origin of Soft Technology
    Mizuho KAMIDE
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 168-170
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_168
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    It is widely recognized that the faults brought about by the scientific/technological civilization of the 20th century almost cancel its merits. Controlling the scientific civilization is therefore the most important task left for the next generations. Historical considerations reveal two pairs of opposing outlooks: growth vs. homeostasis and reductionism vs. holism, as the principal protagonists in the evolution of thoughts on science and technology. The 21st century civilization is predicted to emphasize homeostasis and holism, rather than pursuing growth of promoting reductionism. Control of the scientific civilization means striking balance between the four views. The idea of the system, which gave rise to the soft technology, was derived from homeostatic/holistic thinking. Civilization as a man-science/technology system should be the central idea in developing ways of controlling civilization.
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  • Science and Technology Policy of Thailand and Singapore : Serialized Special Reports
    Itaru WATANABE
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 171-178
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_171
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    Thailand has developed agro-industries, including food processing, as well as textile and other light industries. This has been made possible by the historical background of ethnic and religious factors promoting social integration and proliferating agriculture as a basis for economic independence. Experiences in light industries will produce a climate favorable to the development of basic industries and assimilation of technology. On the other hand, an urgent problem is the supply of manpower particularly in R&D lagging behind the fast-growing demand from the rapidly growing industry.Singapore's policy emphasizes manufacturing industries. The government intends to turn the country into the center of excellence in Asia by attracting competent people worldwide. In fact, Singapore has a potential to grow into an R&D center of Asia with optimized shearing of research and production with neiboring countries.
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  • Science and Technology Policy of the People's Republic of China
    Sotaro ITO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 179-185
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_179
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    China's present policy of promoting science and technology is qualified as "the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education2. The empahsis during the 9th five-year plan period (1996-2000) is placed on agriculture, high technologies, and social development, which are expected to contribute to solve the most urgent problems in economic development of the country. The purpose of the policy is to provide a solid foundation to establish China as a "modern and socialist" country by 2010.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Bibliography
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 187-191
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_187
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  • Dynamic Analysis on the Relation between RD and Patent Applications in Japan
    Masayuki KONDO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 193-204
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_193
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    This paper quantitatively shows that RD expenditure is a major source to increase patent applications in the Japanese industry. The number of researchers is not a major source to increase patent applications because the number of patent applications per researcher increases when the number of paten applications increases rapidly. The strong positive correlation between RD expenditure and patent applications has been statistically proved at the industry level for the first time. Based on this statistical analysis, time-lag and RD cost to create a patent application are measured by industry. The chemical product industry including the pharmaceutical industry needs a longer time and bears higher RD cost to create a patent application than other industries. The paper also shows that the productivity of RD expenditure to create patent applications increased over time in Japan due to the change of managerial factors such as slim management.
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  • Technology Transfer from Governmental Laboratories to the Private Sector in the U.S.
    [in Japanese], Everett M. Rogers, Marcel Allbritton
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 205-215
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_205
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    The paper discusses the process of technology transfer form the governmental laboratories to the private sector in the U.S.. This has been accelerated by the end of the cold war and the need to promote the international competitiveness of the U.S. industry. Our study was focussed on two process of the transfer, spin-off businesses and Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), a new format of government-to-private technology transfer established by the federal government. Spin-off is a traditional form of technology transfer from the government to the private sector. We made detailed research of historical development, relationship with the original institutions, and supporting environment of several spin-off businesses. A survey was also made on a number of examples of the utilization of the CRADA system.
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  • International Collaborative Networks in Drug Innovation : A Survey of research related to recombinant DNA technique
    Yoshiko OKUBO
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 216-228
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_216
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    This article is an attempt to analyze the scientific production behaviors of private firms in the pharmaceutical industry through the use of coauthorship data, predominantly internationally co-authored scientific publications. We measure the degree of international activity of a few pharmaceutical corporations and describe the basic research network formed between these companies and other scientific entitles, public and private, in industrialized countries. The field of recombinant protein production is taken as an example of a specific form of leading research for further analysis of company behaviors. The analysis should demonstrate the state of art of a few private firms in research development and the role of international research in knowledge production. It should reveal the usefulness of the coauthorship indicator for understanding the mechanisms of scientific knowledge production in private corporations, as well as provide information about corporate strategies to supplement that obtained through analyses of patent data.
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  • Corporate Technology Stock Model : Determining Corporate RD Expenditure
    Sei-ichi TAKAYANAGI
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 229-232
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_229
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    This paper proposes a corporate technology stock model which describes a company專 entire activities from RD to sales of the product, and a methodology for determining an appropriate total RD expenditure without using a conventional microscopic bottom-up process. The formula for the determination of the appropriate total RD expenditure is derived from depreciation of corporate technology stock and the corporate management goal (in terms of annual rate of sales expansion). The results of a numerical simulation of formula qualitatively accord with the experience of industry.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 233-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_233
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 238-239
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_238
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    [in Japanese]
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 239-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_239_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 239-240
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_239_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 240-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_240_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 240-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_240_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 240-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_240_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 240-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_240_4
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 241-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_241_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 241-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_241_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 241-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_241_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 241-242
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_241_4
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 242-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_242_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 242-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_242_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 242-243
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_242_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 243-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_243_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 243-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_243_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 243-244
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_243_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_4
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_5
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 244-245
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_244_6
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_2
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_4
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_5
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 245-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_245_6
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 246-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_246_1
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 246-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_246_2
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 246-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_246_3
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    Download PDF (221K)
  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 3_4 Pages 246-
    Published: May 09, 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: December 29, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.20801/jsrpim.10.3_4_246_4
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