Maintaining a stable supply of energy continues to be a matter of great importance in light of an increasingly active anti-nuclear power movement, the rise in concern about the earth's environment, and the rapid increase in energy demand in the developing countries which contributes to the unstable price of petroleum and possibility of the restrictions on the supply of petroleum and LNG.This matter must be addressed on a worldwide scale and Japan should take a guiding role because of its position among the international economic leaders. Specifically, it is necessary to enhance our endeavors to promote cooperation and provide technological support to developing countries so that technology can be effectively applied to the reduction of energy of energy consumption, environmental protection, and the use of nuclear power, all of which are at an advanced level in Japan. The role of Japan is particularly important in the Asian area.Finally, for Japan, the period during which we depended on foreign technology has ended, and now we have entered the period to promote the development of original technologies from an enhanced basic or fundamental understanding. The public and industrial sectors, should cooperate in this effort.

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Eniwa R. B. Park was built in Eniwa New Town Megnimo between Sapporo city and Chitose airport with the investment of Eniwa city and some private companies. Eniwa R. B. Park is part of the Eniwa Complex City Plan which not only supplies housing but also encourages local industry through the development and support of high technology. Eniwa R. B. Park has a center building, a related facility area and an amenity area. It both leases spaces for R&D and performs inhouse research. At the beginning of its plan the target fields were mechatoronics, electronics and biotechnology. Currently, however, the research has concentrated in the field of fundamental biotechnology. It is thought that Mizutani's Creative Science Project for information materials of plant will a particularly important role. It is significant that a small local city is not satisfied to be only a sattelite city, but creates and activates an idea to promote an advanced technology by cooperating with private companies. It is also significant that R. B. Park has an original research function, mediate between universities and companies, and is focusing on developing technologies unique to Hokkaido. Challenges for the future include developing close cooperation with the Sapporo Techno Park and the Hakodate Techno Polis, and the accumlation of knowhow about not only technology, but also market development and management.

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The purpose of this paper is to overview the present state and the prospects of the industry/R&D complex in the region around Sendai. A lot of firms have established operation in this complex, from venture firms to nationally major firms and there are national or public research institutes such as Tohoku University. As a result, the intensity of R&D activity is high. But there are problems that must be improved such as the insufficient shaping of the complex network between the industry, university and public sectors, the weak dynamics of internal development, and the wide technological gap between national and regional firms.Under these circumstances, the northern part of Sendai obtained approval for its plan to develop a technopolis. At present the plan is being activated with the following principal activities:1) the expansion and enforcement of the Techno-Foundation2) the arrangement of the 21th-Century-Plaza3) the arrangement of the central housing development in northern Sendai4) the promotion of the construction of the Senen bypass, the Sendai East bypass, and the Sendai South toll road5) the promotion of the construction of the sewage system along the Yoshida River.Apart from this plan, the "Tohoku intelligent Cosmos Conception" is being developed. This is a large scale plan to construct science and technology centers in core cities of seven prefectures in the Tohoku region, including Niigata prefecture. These centers will be connected to each other by an information network so that they will be mutually supporting.In both cases, it will be necessary to grapple with the projects patiently in order to achieve a functioning organic network.

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This paper reports ATR organization, budget mechanisms and research activities.ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International) was established in the spring of 1986 with support from industrial, academic and governmental organizations to serve as a major center for basic and advanced telecommunications R&D.70% of the capital of ATR R&D is funded by the Japan Key Technology Center, and 30% by private enterprises. The Japan Key Technology Center is a governmental organization established as a central institution to promote basic technological research in the private sector. The center's budget is obtained from devidends that the Japanese government receives from NTT, after its privatization.ATR is now promoting research in basic telecommunication technologies such as interpreting telephony, three-dimensional visual communications, and optical and radio communications. Basic research is also carried out in audio and visual perception mechanisms.

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Even in local governments, the promotion of innovation is an important activity, with advanced technologies praised using slogans such as "Gijyuturikken". Most of local governments, however, are trapped by the stereotyped notion of R&D, and do not have their own policies. Administrative policy should be all encompassing and the mission of administration is similar in all local governments, so they treat advanced technology with the same common routine.The general principle of supporting R&D by the Osaka prefectural government is reported as an example of local government R&D policy. The limitations to making original policy at the level of local governments are discussed, and, finally, the execution of our R&D policy is described.

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In 1993 the International Research Industry (IRI) Center was established in Japan for the purpose of supporting R&D. In the Center information of all types is collected such as data, equipments, consumer goods, etc., which are indispensable for R&D, particularly basic research. Basic research in Japan is often said to be perfunctory, therefore there is need to improve the overall level so that it is comparable to other advanced nations. IRI Center is to realize this task.In a scenario created to describe the use of the IRI Center, Urata, a young office worker, is introduced to the IRI Center by his superior. To investigate Organic super conductivity at room temperature, he visits the Center. Then he meets a man named Ishiyama, working there. Mr. Ishiyama lectures to him about the Center, especially about the data base center, allowing Urata to find the information that he needs.

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We made a search for issues that should be considered in long-term R&D planning over the coming ten or fifteen years. In 1987, the Science and Technology Agency published the results of a study forecasting important technologies. The search conducted here was performed with reference to this STA forecast, with the principal elements of the search process as follows.(i) Investigation of social economic trendsWe made a projection of energy demands in view of anticipated changes in our lives, industries, and cities.(ii) Identification of technology trendsWe picked out the technology fields which would have the greatest impact on the use of gas.(iii) Selection of an issue for long-term R&D planningWe picked out a problem for long-term R&D planning from the items of (i), (ii).(iv) Forecast of an important technologyWe forecasted the development of an important technology in detail by interviewing experts.(v) Choice of a principal problem for long-term R&D planningWith considerations of strategic management, we selected one principal problem for long-term R&D planning. This search was conducted between 1978 to 1988.

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Managing R&D is a difficult challenge because of technical complexity, technical and business uncertainty, long time horizons before results are known and capitalized upon, and competition among many new ideas from creative people. Nonetheless, business and government must rely on leaders of R&D to solve serious technology problems and create new sources of competitive advantage.Analysis of decisions to invest in R&D projects must address two complementary activities: creating the R&D results and creating market value from the R&D results. Both activities are equally important. The R&D managers' attention, however, is often too narrowly focused on conducting "good research" as perceived by the R&D community rather than on R&D results that will be highly valuable if brought to market.The secret to successful R&D management is understanding and evaluating this interface between the corporate abilities to obtain successful R&D results and to capture high commercial value from this success. Unlocking this secret requires evaluating the two characteristics of the technical and the commercial activities: the probability of technical success and the probability distribution of commercial value given technical success. The process for evaluating these fundamental measures of R&D investment decisions is based on the discipline and methodology of decision analysis.Strategic Decisions Group (SDG) consultants have led the development and application of decision analysis to R&D project management. This paper presents the key principles of this unique approach and two examples that illustrate the successful application of these principles.

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After a brief outline of the history of West-German technology policy since the last war, it is shown that new perspectives, mainly with environmental protection, energy saving and renewable energy provision are opening up. Public opposition towards major new technologies such as, for example, genetic engineering, is growing. A major redirection of West-German innovation policy under a new political paradigm seems to gain ground within the coming decades.In order to cope with great variety of policy problems involved, technology assessment as a comprehensive methodological tool is gaining acceptance.Because of its small population and export orientation, West-Germany is being forced to steer a precarious path between the world wide technology push on the one hand and a future need orientation on the other.

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One keynote speech and five case-reports were given. Titles and speakers are as follows. Policy Research on Innovation-Paradigm Change and Their Quantitative Analysis (Fumio KODAMA), The Innovation of a Personal Computer (Tetsuya MIZOGUCHI), Development Process of Optical Fiver-Analysis by Spiral Model (Seiichi TAKEUCHI), An Innovation Model in the Development of Software (Akira FUSAOKA), Innovation in Construction - the Development of an Air Dome (TOKYO DOME) (Yoshiteru IWASA), and The Development of Interleukin - 2 (Yutaka MATSUI)

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