The Journal of Science Policy and Research Management
Online ISSN : 2432-7123
Print ISSN : 0914-7020
Volume 34, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
Preface
Special Issue
  • Hiromi S. NAGANE
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 97-99
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    This issue focuses on "star scientist." Scientists with great research outcomes are called "star scientists." They have not only an academic impact but also can have a substantial impact on society and the economy. Many research on star scientists has been accumulated mainly in Europe and the United States but is not enough in Japan. Therefore, we explain the importance of star scientist research and perspectives in Japan. We show; the literature review on star scientist research, how to detect star scientist and the status of stars in Japan, international comparison between Japan and the United States, the possibility of collaboration between stars and firms, how to find future stars. We hope that this issue will be the opening for star scientist research in Japan.

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  • Satoko YASUDA
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 100-115
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    The paper reviews the existing literature on the subject of "Star Scientists." The review centers on a series of publications by Zucker, Darby et al., attempting to validate the "Star Scientists" concept itself, considering various academic settings. Three primary objectives of the review are 1) Categorize existing literature in line with three research agendas, including "individual characteristics of Stars," "Stars' interrelations with the research community and organizational resources," and "the impact of Stars on the economy." 2) Understand why there has been an increase of interest in Star Scientists within the context of the Industrial Revolution, General Purpose Technologies, and Innovation Systems in recent years. 3) Survey the Japanese counterparts to Star Scientist. The review concludes with a summary of facts regarding Star Scientists' contributions in a multitude of circumstances.

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  • Hiromi S. NAGANE, Yuta FUKUDOME, Kanetaka MAKI
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 116-128
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    It is scientists who carry out scientific research. Particularly, scientists with outstanding research achievements are called "star scientists." Star scientists have not only an academic impact but also can have a substantial impact on society and the economy as previous works have suggested. However, there are no clear consensuses how to detect star scientists.

    This paper proposes a method to detect star scientist from multiple viewpoints, including not only academic articles but also patents. We empirically show what classification of star scientist and the distribution in Japan based on our method. We also explain the transition of the distribution of star scientists in Japan during 30 years before and behind "Science and technology basic law" in 1995. Additionally, we focus on one of the categorized group of star scientists, all-rounder star group, who has both outstanding academic and practical achievements.

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  • Ryo OKUYAMA
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 129-138
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    In a "science-based industry," where the outcomes of academic scientific research are leveraged for product development, it is quite important for companies to collaborate with star scientists. A variety of scientific knowledge and technologies provided by academic researchers have been utilized throughout the process of drug discovery, a typical case of science-based product development. This paper provides three cases of innovative drug discovery and development in Japanese pharmaceutical industry to demonstrate the significant contributions of star scientists. Based on the referred cases, I discuss how an industry-university-government collaboration can effectively translate academic research to product development. In addition, I introduce initiatives made by pharmaceutical companies for seeking opportunities of academic research collaboration and needs to search for future star scientists. I also highlight the expectations toward star scientists and potential collaboration issues from the perspective of pharmaceutical companies.

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  • Koichi SUMIKURA, Naito SUGAI, Kanetaka MAKI
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 139-149
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    In this article, focusing on University of Tokyo (UT), Kyoto University (KU) and UC San Diego (UCSD), we extracted and analyzed the data of academic papers published by the Highly Cited Researchers (HCRs) listed by the Clarivate Analytics in 2014, 15, 16 and 17, respectively. We also obtained the data of their Highly Cited Papers (HCPs) that have top 1% citation in a field. We found that UCSD has larger figures than UT or KU in the number of citation per year per researcher and in the number of HCPs per year per researcher. We also collected information on where each HCR got their Ph.D. and found that the percentage of HCRs who are affiliated in the university at which they got their Ph.D. is 63% in UT, 30% in KU and 3% in UCSD. The number of institutions that gave Ph. D. to the 34 HCRs of UCSD extends over 33 universities. Here we can see that there are much difference between Japan and US, concerning variety of where each faculty got Ph.D.

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  • Masanori FUJITA, Hiroto INOUE, Takao TERANO
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 150-163
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: August 30, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    In this paper, we propose a new method to evaluate Star Scientists. Scientists, as researchers, are often evaluated by citation of their academic literatures which, however, has a problem in evaluating young researchers. In addition, researchers' competency of Collaborative Problem Solving is becoming important to promote Open Innovation. From these backgrounds, we focus on researchers' collaborative relations, and analyzed temporal transition of the centralities of co-authorship networks from academic literature database, as one of evaluation methods of researchers. As a result, we showed, this method identifies Rising Stars who are expected to be Star Scientists in the future. Furthermore, we discuss on effectiveness of the centralities of co-authorship networks as an evaluation index of researchers, comparing this proposed evaluation method with citation-based evaluation method from the viewpoints of (1) performance-based evaluation and ability-based evaluation, (2) leading indicator and lagging indicator and (3) knowledge accumulation and knowledge combination, etc.

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Article
  • Kazufumi YAJI
    2019 Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 169-178
    Published: September 13, 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: January 31, 2020
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    In this paper, this research focuses on the motivation in determining the inventive step which is one of the patent requirements at the time of patent examination. Patent examiners determine the inventive step by judging whether a person ordinarly skilled in the art of the invention is easilry able to make the claimed invention (filed invention) based on the cited inventions or not. The motivation is the factor by which a person ordinarly skilled in the art is easilry able to make the claimed invention based on the cited inventions. The motivation commonly used in examination is the similarity of the problems to be solved in combining a plurality of cited inventions, and the similarity of the problems to be solved between the calimed invention and one cited invention. In this research, I discuss how much similar of problems to be solved can be similarity of the above motivation by making superconceptualization.

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