Research activities can be divided into eight important stages. The first four stages are: basic research, basal research (purposeful basic research), applied research, and development. These stages are what are traditionally called "RD". But research activities should not finish at development stage; the stages of: research for productivity, research for circulation of products, research for use of products, and research for abandonment of products, should also be included. The four latter stages are likely to be taken lightly. However, each stage is important enough to necessitate careful study. They are, then, two common characteristics. First, research activity is evaluated by the usefulness derived from the success of the research, and the chance of success. Second, result of research is classified as simple and comprehensible one or complex one which organizes a system. In addition, I strongly feel that the right of system, that is, intellectual property (the right of intellectual ownership) to be given complex result, should be introduced.

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The trade friction between Japan and Euro-America has augmented to become a structural issue, which will be discussed not only from the view point of industry and the economy, but also from the view point of science and technology and of research and development. Apart from a political aspect, we will study the structure of science and technology and of R&D, as such study had not been done before. In studying science and technology in an international comparison, certain points of view inevitably arise, such as that of national power as production and division of wealth. Among possible indexes, the most important is the changing balance of three poles: Japan, U.S., and Europe. The U.S. dominates in its technology trade; in other words, the control of patent. Against such dominance, Japan has challenged with increasing export of products, and has changed this structural ruling system. Furthermore the amount of Japan's patent application have increased rapidly, decreasing American power to rule technology by using patents. And also Japan is trying to be more global, through such measures as extending R&D bases abroad to search for advanced prospect. But some problems remain; most prominently how to cope with problems arising from heavy interdependence between U.S. and Europe and with technology of military and defense. This paper is an introduction to studying the international structure of the R&D process.

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National development and science & technology (S&T) are connected by a Needs-Resources relationship with national development promoted by innovations in S&T. In this relation, however, one doesn't always have a good effect on the other. In addition, the trade-off among two types of developments - economical development and social development and the progress of S&T is becoming more important. Thus we have to give as much effort to the progress of social science, which contributes to social development, as to that of natural science, which is related to economical development. From a world wide perspective, an important problem in national development is the difference between the north and the south (N-S). To solve this problem, we have to realize more effective N-S relations and improve the exchange of S&T between the north and south. We need assistance from the north, and even more, the great effort by the south. Another problem is that of the global environment. To avoid the destruction of the environment by development and progress in S&T, we should make our development sustainable: one which is ecologically and socially sound. To understand situations such as these, we need to construct a new order for development and improvement of S&T.

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This paper aims at grapsing the present condition of Japan's role in international co-operation in industrial technology for developing countries, and will also look at the future of such relations. Though Japan's spending on technological co-operation is less than that of France, U.S., or W. Germany, it is recently on the rise and reached $853 million in 1978. And Japan is making an efforts to co-operate through such measures as; receiving researchers, sending experts, project type technological co-operation by establishing a technological co-operation center, development and investigation of its needs, research for improvement of its R&D ability, and integrated technological co-operation for promotion of foreign currency acquisition industries. Japan now possesses a wealth of funds and co-operating tools; what is necessary now is to establish the idea and philosophy of international co-operation in industrial technology. I therefore present some new viewpoints on technological co-operation. Each technology is not independent, so we must transfer technology with systematic thought. It is necessary for developing countries to have an opportunity to select the country which has the desirable technology. Instead of transferring technology, we should be transferring innovation ability, because the latter has technology and marketing ability. Because it is no longer possible to avoid problems such as the greenhouse effect, co-operation on a global level is extremely important.

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By focusing on the project ``technology and culture'' and in particular, the collaborative research in progress, called ``explication of the cultural dimension on Biotechnology Policy'', this paper looks at the interrelationship between science and human society. Science has affected human society in various ways, but conversely, this paper stresses that social, economic and political movement have affected science as well, and that some negative aspects of modern technology arise from the reciprocity between these processes. Biotechnology is a most suitable for this theme because its development and its applications to industry and agriculture have brought about the social intensities. Many groups concerned have demanded the priority of policy valuation, which was based on different cultural context and value. This paper deals with relative research to analyze a link between culture and technology, as well. Furthermore basic research to clarify the definition and concept of policy should be essential. The project described above attempts to clarify the arguments of scientists, bureaucrats, and the general public on Biotechnology Policy. How can ``cultural criticism'' be accepted for the science policy? This paper distinguishes between macro-level culture and micro-level culture. Macro-level arguments are valuable for international technological power. Micro-level ones are important because they include systematic framework and social values on science & technological activities. From this paper it can be seen that the empirical research on Biotechnology Policy in U.S.A. offers some cultural features and it will be helpful for Japan.

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Japan became the center of an economically and technologically very active region. The importance of this region has been recognized since several years by economists, scientists and politicians. In the R&D world one can observe the tendency to think in terms of a triad. This brings Japan in the position of one technological leader together and in the same rank as the US and Europe. For Japan it is a time of change after the post war years and the dawn of a new age. For Europe too, times of change have finally evolved as the year of unification draws near. Many private companies are engaged in preparation for a greater European market and beyond that more international times in respect to products and marketing. This has its consequences on the organization and the actual work of R&D as well. This paper describes some basic contemplations and new activities of Daimler Benz's research department which are designed to cope with those changes. Some expected benefits and actual difficulties in pursuing an international R&D strategy in respect to Japan are reported. The tendency to diversity industries and the globalization of markets combined with this present period of increased emphasis on high technology are considered in this paper.

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Outline of the globalization of technological innovation with examples drawn from the FAST II program (1983-87) The globalization of technology and the economy, and the formation of global enterprises stem from the following reasons. I: The economic crisis in the 1970's II: The technological progress of the communication system and the transportation system III: Intensive information requirements and the reduced life cycle of products and services Mutual agreements to cooperate between enterprises, which is conspicuous in advanced technology, aims at access to new markets, the reduction of risk, and the mutual compensation of technology. This global strategy taken by enterprises is going to have great influence on technological development. Because of mutual agreements between enterprises, the relations among the U.S.A., Japan and Europe (Triadic Power) may solidify in the future. In addition, relations within Europe may solidify through the unification of the European market. Outline of the Monitor program The monitor program consists of the three activities. I: Strategic and impact analysis (SAST) II: FAST forecasting III: Research and studies to improve methodologies and the effectiveness of evaluating of R&D activities (SPEAR) This program will run from 1989 till 1991.

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This article describes a joint symposium entitled ``Science in Japan: Japanese Laboratories Open to U.S. Researchers'' which the American Association for the Advancement Science (AAAS) and the Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management (JSSPRM) held as part of the 155th annual meeting of the AAAS on January 15, 1989. In the keynote adress, Dr. Guyford Stever stressed the need for increasing research cooperation between U.S. and Japan. Mr. Robert S. Cutler of the National Science Foundation (NSF) noted that few American scientists conduct research in Japan. The government agencies of Japan and U.S. offer new initiatives; Prof. Watanabe of Saitama University and Dr. Charles W. Wallace of the NSF summarized these activities. On the response of private sector in Japan and the U.S. reception to American scientists visiting Japanese laboratories, Mr. Yutaka Kuwahara of Hitachi Ltd. explained the Hitachi Research Visit Programs (HIVIPS) and Dr. Charles F. Larson of the Industrial Research Institute (IRI) presented the survey of IRI membership. And finally, Dr. Malcolm R. Beasley of Stanford University, Dr. Ronald H. Baney of Dow Corning Corporation, and Dr. Robert Lattore of New Orleans University shared their personal experiences in conducting research in Japan, and emphasized the value of personal contacts.

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This paper explores a method of evaluating R&D cost effectiveness which incorporates the financial technique called Present Value Analysis. To achieve this, cost effectiveness evaluation proposed in this paper involves a discounted cash flow procedure relying on the notion that money has a time value. This notion is called ``Time Value of Money (TVM)'' to reflect the proper effect of timing and varying risk levels associated with R&D's cost and profit. By actually applying this method to product-oriented R&D evaluation, authors conclude that the TVM notion can give a clearer picture of objective R&D evaluation results, especially in time and risk-sensitive high-technology R&D and in the cost-sensitive global capital market.

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Recently in field of electronics industry, the competition for setting the products standardization technologically has been growing more intense, in other words, it's very important for the firm to decide which technological standard is more effective to the company's performance. From the competive strategic point of view, leader company should imitate the challenger's strategies as a formulas, but in the case of competition for setting the standardization, leader should not take such a strategy. In this article, the author would propose the formulas under the competion for setting the technological standerdization from the view point of market stage and firm's positioning in the market. In the embryonic market stage, selection of standard, linkage with companies and accumulation of soft-ware are key factors. In the growing stage, policy of competion, competiors, and compatiility are key factors for leaders. Consortium and demature strategies are key factors for challengers.

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