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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Published: December 31, 1999
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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N. MIYAJI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
63-
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Katsuhisa NIWA, Osamu TSUJI, Kiyoshi OHBUCHI, Koji KIKUCHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
64-72
Published: December 31, 1999
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Tillage pan is formed just beneath the plow layer in the fine-textured Brown lowland soil with soil texture of SiC or SiCL, Dystric Fluventic Eutrudept by Soil Taxonomy(1998), Eutri-Mollic FLUVISOL by WRB(1998). This causes the decrease in productivity of the fine-textured Brown lowland soil. Therefore, tillage pan breaking was conducted by the methods of subsoiling, improved subsoiling and deep plowing. The physical properties and root penetration after each tillage pan breaking treatment were also investigated. Improvement of physical properties by tillage pan breaking was demonstrated by the decrease of bulk density and the increase of the pore space filled with gravitational water. The pore space filled with easily available water could not be improved by tillage pan breaking treatments. Physical properties were favorable in the order of deep plowing ≒ improved subsoilng > subsoiling > controll. Sugar beet root penetration was controlled by the pore space filled with gravitational water until the middle growth period. Sugar beet root penetration was favorable in the order of deep plowing ≒ improved subsoilng > subsoiling > controll. The growth and yield of sugar beet were also favorable in the same order. The growth in the middle growth period influenced the growth in the latter growth period. It was considered that, the treatments of deep plowing and improved subsoiling increased the pore space filled with gravitational water, so that drainage and root penetration were superior to the other treatments. Therefore, the growth and yield of sugar beet in the treatments of deep plowing and improved subsoiling were higher than those in the other treatments, because the water uptake by root was more stable. It was confirmed that deep plowing and improved subsoiling at the time of one year after the tillage pan breaking operation was effective for ameliorating physical properities of the fine-textured Brown lowland soil as well as for improving the root penetration of sugar beet.
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Hiroaki KURIHARA, Yasuo KITAGAWA, Katsuhiko ITAMI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
73-81
Published: December 31, 1999
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The particle-size distribution of soils is usually measured by the sedimentation method based on the Storkes's law. The procedure of the sedimentation method is not complicate, but it needs much time. Recently, a laser scattering method based on Mie scattering theory has applied to determine the particle-size distribution. This laser scattering method requires smaller spacimens and shorter time, only a few minutes, for measurement than the sedimentation one. In this study, the correlation between the laser scattering and the sedimentation method was discussed by using 52 soils from paddy and upland fields. Moreover, the variation of particle-size distribution in a horizon of a paddy soil located in Syonaka-no-ko polder near Lake Biwa, which have the share of 20,000 years' sediments, was observed each 5cm in depth by the laser scattering method. The correlation between both two methods were high and the correlation coefficient, R in clay, silt and fine sand fraction was 0.83, 0.85 and 0.87, respectively. While these two methods are built under the supposition that particle shape is a sphere. The particle shape became more far from the sphere and the correlation would decrease, as the particle size became fine, in consequent. The soil texture estimated from the laser scattering method didn't clearly correspond to that from the sedimentation one. The particle-size distribution in the horizon of polder soil was varied continuously or discontinuously in each depth. This suggested that the laser method was useful for the observation of relative distribution of particle-size within the same soil-horizon.
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Saiyed Md. IBRAHIM, Haruo SHINDO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
82-87
Published: December 31, 1999
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The influence of the addition of rice straw (Oryza sativa) or azolla (Azolla pinnata) to soil on soil aggregation, hyphal length, and microbial biomass C was compared using four different systems. RS 1 and AZ 1 systems contained smaller amounts (2g of C kg^<-1> soil) of rice straw and azolla, respectively. RS 2 and AZ 2 systems contained larger amounts (6 g of C kg^<-1> soil) of rice straw and azolla, respectively. These plant materials were amended with soil, and the mixtures were incubated at 30℃ for 3 and 28 weeks under upland conditions. The amendment with plant material of rice straw or azolla increased the amounts of the >2.0 mm aggregates and microbial biomass C and the hyphal length to a larger extent compared to the control system (without plant materials). These degrees of increases varied depending on the kind and amount of the plant materials amended and the incubation periods, and tended to be much higher for 28 weeks than for 3 weeks incubation. For example, after 28 weeks incubation, the amount of the >2.0 mm aggregates was usually 13 times larger in the RS 2 and AZ 2 systems, compared to the control system. In the rice straw and azolla systems after 3 weeks incubation, the increasing patterns of the amount of the >2.0 mm aggregates were generally similar to those of the hyphal length and the amount of microbial biomass C. On the other hand, in the rice straw systems after 28 weeks incubation, the increasing patterns of the amount of the >2.0 mm aggregates were similar to those of the microbial biomass C. Whereas, in the azolla systems, the increasing patterns of the >2.0 mm aggregates were similar to those of the hyphal length. These findings seem to suggest that during long term incubation in the rice straw systems, microbial biomass played more important role than hyphae in the formation of the >2.0 mm aggregates. In contrast, in the azolla systems, the hyphae played more important role in the formation of the >2.0 mm aggregates. These may be due to the differences of the amounts of carbohydrate and C/N ratio between the rice straw and azolla. The amendments of rice straw or azolla tended to increase the amounts of the 0.1-0.25 mm and 0.25-0.5 mm aggregates. In contrast, these amendments decreased the amounts of the 0.5-1.0 mm and 1.0-2.0 mm aggregates to some extent. In the RS 2 and AZ 2 systems after 28 weeks incubation, the amount of the <0.1 mm aggregates decreased to a large extent.
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Jing-Yu DAI, Koyo YONEBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
88-97
Published: December 31, 1999
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Humic acids (HA) extracted from five soils (Meadow Black soil, Ortho Black soil, Lessive, Chernozem, and Steppe Solonetz) in Jilin province, northeast part of China, were studied on elemental and functional group composition, component analysis fractionated with XAD-8 resin, and hydrogen distribution estimated by ^1H-NMR. Organic carbon contents of these soils were less than 18g kg^<-1>, in which Black soils showed highest contents. Solonetz showed lowest organic carbon contents because humic substances leached out from soils due to high pH of them. Remaining humic substances would combine with calcium, and were hardly extractable with alkali solution containing pyrophosphate. E_<600> value, absorbance coefficient for 1% HA solution at 600nm, decreased in the order: Black soils, Lessive, Chernozem, and Solonetz. H/C atomic ratios of HA increased in the above order. E_<600> value and H/C ratio of HA of Black soils were in the range of those of Andisols in Japan. E_<600> values of HA of the other Jilin soils were intermediate between those of Andisol and brown forest soils in Japan. Carboxyl group content of HA decreased and alcoholic hydroxyl group content increased in the order: Black soils, Lessive, Chernozem, and Solonetz. Carboxylic component content decreased and aliphatic component content decreased in the above order. Component distribution of HA of Black soils resembled that of Andisol. These soil HA from Jilin, northeast China, showed very low content of phenolic component as compared with those of temperate and tropical soils. Black soil HA showed high percentages of aromatic protons and low percentages of aliphatic protons β to aromatic carbon rings. The average length of aliphatic substituents of HA was estimated to increase in the order: Black soils, Lessive, Chernozem, and Solonetz.
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Jing-Yu DAI, Koyo YONEBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
98-107
Published: December 31, 1999
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Humic substances (HS) were extracted from 5 soils of Jilin province, northeast China, and brown forest soils of Japan using acidified dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. Humic acid (HA) was separated from the HS and analyzed on E_<600> (absorbance coefficient of 1% HA solution at 600nm), elemental and functional groups composition, component distribution separated with XAD-8 resin, and hexose, pentose, amino acids, and lignin contents. DMSO extractable HS from Jilin soils were 74〜85% of alkaline extractable HS. Black soils showed highest rate of extraction of HS with DMSO, and Solonetz showed lowest one. The HA extracted with DMSO were ca. 85% of those extracted with alkali solution. In case of brown forest soils, DMSO extractable HS and HA were ca. 50% of alkaline extractable HS and HA. DMSO extractable HA showed high values of E_<600>, high contents of carbon, carboxyl and carbonyl groups, and carboxylic component, and low contents of hydrogen, alcoholic hydroxyl group, and aliphatic component. These characteristics were remarkable on Solonetz and brown forest soils but not marked on Black soils. Protonated sulphoxide in acidified DMSO solvent could form strong associations with carboxyl groups in the HS by hydrogen bonding, which would promote solvation. Hence, part of the HS containing high amount of carboxylic groups would selectively extracted with acidified DMSO. From atomic H/C versus O/C diagram and functional groups composition on DMSO extractable and alkaline extractable HA, most of the HA of Black soils would be highly subject to dehydration and carboxylation. Major part of the HA of Lessive and Chernozem would be subject to demethanation, and only the part, which showed high value of E_<600>, could be introduced many carboxyl groups. In case of Solonetz and brown forest soils, demethanation and carboxylation would not take place in most of the HA. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and lignin contents in DMSO extractable HA were lower than those of alkaline extractable HA. Part of polysaccharides and amino compounds were soluble in neutralized DMSO solvent, hence, these compounds would be separated from the HS which was insoluble in the neutralized DMSO. Acidified DMSO extraction procedure provides acceptable and efficient preparation of the HS which is less contaminated with non-humic substances.
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Takashi KOSAKI, Hideaki HIRAI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
108-109
Published: December 31, 1999
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Kazunobu TORIYAMA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
110-116
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
116-
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Toyoaki ITO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
117-121
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Takeshi KAWACHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
122-126
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Katsuhiko ITAMI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
127-129
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Nobumitsu SAKAMOTO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
130-135
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Toshiro NAKATSUJI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
136-138
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Masayuki KOUYAMA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
139-143
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Sadahiro YAMAMOTO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
144-148
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Hideaki HIRAI, Takashi KOSAKI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
149-151
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
152-155
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Hideo KUBOTERA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
156-158
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
159-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
160-163
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
164-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages
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