An inexpensive pan was used to estimate ASCE evapotranspiration (ET_O). Daily water evaporation from a pan (E_Pan) and ET_O were measured during spring and summer. The spring and summer data were analyzed separately and together. The correlations of E_Pan and ET_O were higher than 0.63, and the intercept from the combined data was −0.54 mm, which is very small considering the turfgrass irrigation. Because of the small value, we ignored the intersection in order to simplify the estimating equation, giving a pan factor (Kp) of 0.89. Considering this, the equations for estimating evapotranspiration using an inexpensive pan were ET_C=0.53×E_Pan for warm-season turfgrass, and ET_C=0.71×E_Pan for cool season turfgrass. If a water balance checkbook is to be created using only a pan, rainfall measurements (Rain) are also necessary. A very high correlation of 0.99 existed between the precipitated volume and the water level in the pan. The equation for estimating rainfall was Rain=0.94×pan water level+0.96. Using this method, it would be possible to estimate the water budget with only an inexpensive pan.

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.×C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘Tifton 419’) was grown under different color temperatures (5,000 K [dominant wavelength: 450 nm] and 2,700 K [dominant wavelength: 600 nm]) of light emitting diodes (LEDs), and for different durations (eight hours and four hours). The turf was clipped weekly to maintain a height of approximately 20 mm. The dry weights of the clippings were measured, and the plants were harvested at 28 days after treatment. From each treatment, 15 longest stolons was selected, and its number of nodes and length of stem along with the above-ground and below-ground dry weights were measured. It was found that the plant height was significantly higher under the 2,700 K color temperature than under that of 5,000 K. The dry weights were significantly increased as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) increased. However, the changes in the dry weight of the clippings were statistically insignificant under the same PPFD conditions. These results indicate that the 5,000 K color supplemental lighting suppressed upward elongation and developed many leaves in positions closer to the ground surface. The 5,000 K lighting most increased the number of the length of the 30–40 mm internodes and the 2,700 K lighting most increased the number of the length of the 40–50 mm internodes. Thus, the 5,000 K supplemental lighting may be effective for forming dense turf.