The author is carrying out a series of experiments on the establishment of turf by the intro-duction of turf grasses adaptable to cool regions.
This report is concerned in the establishment of golf course turf and is summarized as follows;
1. The application of decomposed manure as organic fertilizer is effective in making good turf.
2. Much attention should be payed to the preparation of the seed bed, particularly necessary for early open and no-touch play.
3. As proper fertilization based on soil analysis is responsible for the growth of the upper and underground parts of turf grasses, the kinds and amounts of chemical fertilizers to be applied should be determined scientifically.
4. The seed mixture consisting of adaptable varieties having high purity must be selected for rough, fairway and green, respectively.
5. The property of sand to be used for surface soil especially for the green often influences the quality of turf.
6. A favorable course similar to Zoysia turf could be established and maintained by proper layout and rational management.
7. Serious consideration was directed to management with a minimum use of manpower.
The newly established golf course is owned by Obihiro International Country Club and was constructed by adopting the results of the basic research on turf grass being carried out at Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. The author is expecting that further researches on turf grass adaptable in cool regions ill enable to maintain courses in better condition.

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This paper gives the result of studies on the characteristics and adaptabilities of several winter turfgrass species for evergreen turf in a transition zone in Japan. Following characteristics of the grasses are highly welcomed for evergreen turf in this area:
1. Highly resistant to summer heat stress.
2. Highly resistant to diseases all the year round.
3. Little discoloration in winter season.
Especially, for bentgrass the third characteristic is most important and the further studies are necessary to assure satisfactory results. Almost every variety of Kentucky bluegrass, fescue and perennial ryegrass tested, showed poor resistance to summer heat stress.

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1. To ensure an evergreen turf for putting Green, overseeding of cool season grasses in the established green with Tifgreen was tested. Italian ryegrass alone at a rate of 210gr/m² and a mixture of New Port Kentucky Bluegrass and Highland Bentgrass at a rate of 50gr and 15gr/m² respectively was overseeded on September 20th, 1973.
2. A good germination and a better early growth of Italian ryegrass compared with the mixture enabled to use the putting green overseeded with Italian ryegrass as early as from mid-November but it deteriorated early in the next spring and became untilazable already at the end of April.
3. Establishment of turf with the mixed seeds was slow and the green became possible to use only from mid-December and its quality was still far below the standard. However, a satisfactory putting quality was maintained from mid-March till mid-July.
4. Color of turf was better with Italian ryegrass during the coldest season. Minimum cutting height of the Italian ryegrass and the mixture through the experiment was 5.5mm and 4.5mm respectively.
5. Regrowth of the Tifgreen and the establishment of turf was better in the combination with Italian ryegrass than with the mixture largely due to a less competition between the species by the earlier deterioration of the stands of Italian ryegrass.

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Examining the moths gathered by equipping the light traps in both the golf links of the Hamamatsu seaside (Iwata-shi) and the Ohoya golf center (Shizuoka-shi) from 1972 to 1974, the authors made investigation on the seasonal fluctuation of major insects injurious to turfgrass in Tokai district and the damages to turfgrass by them.
(1) The number of the Japanese lawn grass cutworms, Rusidrina depravata Butler gathered in 1973 and the number of the Crambinae sp. gathered in 1974, accounted for 42% and 96% of all gathered insects respectively, and the outbreaks of those insects and a great deal of damages to turfgrass were observed in each year.
(2) As the specific name of this insect is not reported at the present time, the authors present it as Crambinae sp., till a full systematic information on this species appears. According to the investigation until now, it has been thought that this insect lives in almost all the golf links in Kanto district and westward in our country,
(3) Since four peaks were recognized in the plot of collected insects vs days, four generations seemed to exist in Tokai district, Four peaks of this adult insects were in the middle of May-the late June, in the early July-the early August, in the middle of August-the middle of September, and in the late September-the late October. And, it seems that this moth appeared four times in Tokai district. In case of Shizuoka in 1974, the number of collected moths was the greatest at the 3rd brood, and the 2nd greatest at the 2nd brood, and a great deal of damages to turfgrass occurred at each time.
(4) The outbreak of the Crambinae sp. was seen as early as two years and one month after the planting of turfgrass. It seems that this insect was carried into golf links with the turfgrass when it was planted. To control this insect, we must watch carefully the increase of emerged moths at the 1st brood, and when a great number of them comes out, agricultural chemicals must be sprayed against them.
(5) In case of Japanese lawn grass cutworm in Tokai district, three high peaks and one low peak were recognized respectively as follow : the middle of May-the late June, the middle of July-the middle of August and the late August-the late September, and smaller one group in October.
In case of Shizuoka in 1973, the outbreak of this insect was seen at the 3rd brood when a year and three months passed after the planting of turfgrass; and it seems that this insect was carried there with sods at the time of establishment
(6) The damage of turfgrass by the insects occurred around the pine trees and other trees, and it was great in case of long leaves of turfgrass such as those in rough.
To control the insects too, the number at the 1st and 2nd brood of the insects must be examined and they must be killed.
(7) Soon after the establishment of turfgrass in golf links the damages by May beetles were scarcely recognized, but those by moths occurred extensively.

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The authors should be able to describe the life history and the life cycle of the Anomala schönfeldti Ohaus in Iwata district which is the most injurious insect to turfgrass.
(1) The emergence of adult insects occurred from the first 10 days of June to the later 10 days of August, the peak of a large mountain-shaped curve of the emergence appeared in the last 10 days of June and that of a small curve appeared in the middle of August. The natural duration of life of the adult insects was about 20 days, the time of their coming to the earth was from 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. and the copulation and the oviposition of them occurred in this period.
(2) Hatched larvae pupated through the 3rd instar. The individuals that oviposited early became the 1st instar in July, the 1st and 2nd one in August, the 2nd and 3rd one in September, and the 3rd one in October so on. Their hibernations occurred when they became the 3rd instar, and their pupations began from the first 10 days of May in the next year. Pupal period was 16.4 days.
(3) Larvae of the 3rd instar were distingushed into the white larvae and the yellow ones. The former appeared at the period from the 1st instar to the first half of the 3rd instar and the latter were observed at the second half of the 3rd instar. White larvae lived in the shallower layer of soil where the roots of turfgrass were distributed and fed on those roots ; yellow ones lived in the deeper soil layer than that of white ones and pupated without taking roots.
(4) In case of a male, the thorax and the surface of fore wings are black and the length of antenna's club is longer than that of a female ; but the colour of a female is brown ; the lower parts of female's abdomen are bulgy and the length of club is shorter than that of a male.

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The infection mechanism was observed with Rhizoctonia solani-infected seaside bentgrass using scanning electron microscope. Initial infection through wound occurred on the leaves and after the infection surface-developed mycelium formed an infection cushion. Cuticular infection was observed by this infection cushion. Also, cuticular and stomatal infections occurred on the leaves with the single hypha. On the contrary, cuticular infection was observed with the single hypha on the root.

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In the course of developing Benzylthiolcarbamate herbicide, B-3356: S- (2-chlorobenzyl) N, N-diethyl-thiolcarbamate was found to have wide selectivity between germinating weeds and turf. B-3356 inhi-bited the germination and the growth of weeds as well as the sister compound B-3015: S- (4-chlorobe-nzyl) N, N-diethylthiolcarbamate (Bethiocarb), however, did not change the leaf color to red when sprayed on Manilagrass (Zoysia matrella Merr) . Results of the experiment to study the herbicidal effectiveness and the applicability to turf are summarized as follows;
(1) Susceptible weed species to B-3356 were: Digitaria adscendens, Poa annua, Alopecurus aegualis, Cerastium holostesides, anb Commelina communis. Amaranthus virrdis, Polygonum longisetum, and Erigeron annuus were succeeding. Rumex japonicus (seedling), Vicia angustifolia, and Kummerovia striata were tolerant.
Combination of B-3356 with CAT at the ratio of 5: 1 expanded the weed spectrum and the range of application time.
(2) Relationship between chemical structure and phytotoxicity to Zoysia matrella are; A series of compound with chlorine atom on the 2-position of the benzyl ring did not cause any phytotoxicity on turf leaf, but the non-substituted or 4-substituted ones inhibited the chlorophyll biosynthesis and caused the formation of red pigment in the turf leaf under sunlight.
(3) Herbicidal effects was best with the spray volume of 150cc/m² and 300cc/m², succeeded with 600cc/m² and less effective with 75cc/m². Phytotoxicity decreased with the increase of spray volume.
(4) Field trial in the established Zoysia matrella turf showed that B-3356 was effective against Panicum crus-galli, Digitaria adscendens and Polygonum nodosum by the pre-emergence application at the dosage 0.6g a, i, /m², but not sufficient by the early post-emergence application at dosage 0.75g a, i, /m². Combination of CAT at the ratio of 5: 1 resulted in good control even at 0.5g a, i, /m² in total dosage. Phytotoxicity to turf was not obserbed in any plot of the experiment.
(5) Phytotoxicity of B-3356 by application just after transplanting at the dosage of 1.25g a, i, /m² was not observed on Zoysia matrella, but in case of Cynodon dactylon (Tifton-328), slight growth inhibition was observed.
In conclusion, B-3356 is a promissing pre-emergence or early post-emergence herbicide in turf. The Combination of CAT with B-3356 enable the expansion of weed spectrum and the range of application time.

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Zentmyer's method (1955) is the most famous laboratory method for testing soil pesticides. In 1962 I reported that grass-cup, hizex-film, grass-ring and pile up of column methods were better than Zentmyer's method. Now the grass-ring's method is widely used in Japan. But the destruction of soil structures is limitation in the methods. To improve this disadvantage I devised a new soil sampling tube. This tube reaches a depth of 10cm passing through the lawn structure without destroying lawn and soil structures. This soil samples are usualy transplanted into grass rings, but from economical view point I utilized used aluminum beverage cans instead of grass rings. Compared with the coventional methods, this new method obtains a similar result with that obtained in the field test.

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