As a result of drastic change in housing policy in 1980s, affordable housing has been one of the most controversial issues in England. This paper deals with this issue in the context of city planning, which has also been changed during and after the Thacher years. Firstly, we examine the change of housing policy as a background of this issue. Secondly, we look at the housing policy in the land use planning in England. PPG3 is the central guidline here. Thirdly, affordable housing is analyzed from the project point of view. In conclusion, we recognize the structural change in the welfare state and a unique situation for affordable housing in England.

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In 1960s Singapore had no less than half a million slum dwellers and squatters. Singapore has succeeded in providing low-cost housing for its citizens. The other side many cities in Third World, especially Asian countries, face sever housing shortage. And Japan's investment in Asian countries rapidly increase from 1988. So we have to suggest and support them to improve their living envirnment. We should learn the integrated strategy to provide housing for citizens in Asian countries from the Singapore experience.

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Restraint effects on rental housing for urban families by the Land and House Lease Law is one of recent topics in current housing problems. Fukui (1994) insisted that the law has strong restraint effects on rental house especially for urban nuclear families and presented several findings which would support his logic. Excessive smallness of rental house compared to owned house, shortage of detatched rental house, lower rent of house in which renters live long are the main facts which Fukui presented in the paper. This study examined these facts if they could sustain his logic and concluded that these could not prove restraint effects. Promoting factors such as propety tax and inheritance tax are so strong as to make market rent low.

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This paper deals with a tendency of the elderly household ratio in public housing estates in Osaka prefecture. Based on the management data of 364 public housing estates in 1994, we culculated the elderly household ratio on each estate, and analyzed factors effecting the elderly household ratio, such as time of construction, rent, or floor area. The main results are as follows. 1) Most of public housing estates constructed before 1965 are small in size, but low-rent and in good location, which average elderly household ratio is over 50%. 2) Between 1965 and 1975, principal stock of public housing estates in Osaka prefecture were developed in this dilation. In this stock, the average elderly household ratio is 23%, and its number of the elderly household accounts for 43% of all elderly households. 3) Most of the public housing estates after 1975 are rebuilt ones, which contain many elderly household who lived in same estates. The average elderly ratio is 30%.

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In the near future, We are entering into the era that the rate of the elderly increases. To cope with it, it is important that the elderly live independently, and that the community helps the independence of them. This paper takes notice of the Meal Service for the elderly as the community services that can support the independence of them and clears the condition of the user, the purpos through the articles before and the field data.

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“Comfortable housing” all times is extremely important to ensure that human is in good shape. This report demonstrates, therefore, physical “comfort” in measurable values to set criteria since comfort values vary. I wood like to ask readers for any criticism. If this report rouses public opnion, it might be a trigger to escape from “rabbithutches.”

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This paper aims to make clear the life-style and the housing needs of Japanese Modern Family which is going onto Post-Modern Era. This research is applied to one-earner and two-earner households of Osaka and Kyoto region. The results are as fellows; 1) The new trends found on wives (women) are Post-gender oriented life-style and the consistency of individuation with symbiosis, but most of husbands (men) haven't own them jointly. 2) The new needs for housing are found out on family working kitchen, rich dining room with living, and separated private rooms for each of couples. 3) There are not obviously recognized the causal relation between the life-style and the housing needs. It is considered that they are influenced by “Habitus”.

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This study is about difference in “sense of value” of husbands or wives, which depended on what sort of rooms they think them as settled place. The analysis for the research was based on the questionnaire to inhabitants at Alute apartment in Yokohama City, Kanagawa.
Through this study, “sense of value” means in a broad sense, included such as opinion, behavior, or consciousness, especially related to family relationship.
The results are as follows;
1) For husbands, relationship on his place, “sense of value”, and demand for private room shows straightly connected one another.
2) For wives, the relationship is more complicated. In other words, the factor that decides their settled place lies on something else.

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This paper discusses how consumers select their house and interior elements in the contemporary consumption society. There are two distinctions;‘a simple distinction’ and ‘a demonstrative distinction of owner's social status’. The latter is dominant in the case of house selection. People in the middle class generated by the separation of classes competed to acquire a house as a symbol for their social status after 1980s. Interior elements were also regarded important as a symbol for the owner's social status. This social phenomena seems to be changing gradually in the 1990s.

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The purpose of this serieses of studies is to discover how to properly respond to individual user needs regarding condominium units, whthin appropriate production cost limits.
This study investigates of the results of selection and the demands of the co-operative housing NONA YUKISAKA users. I asked the users how content they are with each of the project and the supply system, and how they chose the systems reflecting their individual needs and demands.

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The late 1980's witnessed an explosive burst of large-scale urban development projects in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The large projects were an attempt to respond the increasing demand for commercial and business space by the Tokyo's urban restructuring in the 1980's. But, the outcomes have caused unintended effects such as over-supply of floor space and invasion of business function into residential areas. This paper focuses on the impacts of the projects on the residential environment. First, it explores the linkage with the project types and zoning. Second, it investigates the land use types of supplied space. Finally, the location of the projects is examined in the respect of urban restructuring.

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This paper deals with the housing provision in residential-industrial mixed use area, especially Omori district, Ota-ward. The study is based on harmonize of residential-industrial uses and also the housing provision in that area. Our analysis begins with the general review of changes of factory renewal and the situation of mixed uses at the district. We focus on the form of housing provision and their plans which locate with factories. From the analysis, we found that housing were provided at the factory renewal, however, they are for small households, especially targeted for one adult living alone. Therefore, residential and environmental amenity must be improved, when housing for family households are provided. Also, there is a need of any guideline or system for maintaining and improvement of the residential amenity.

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This paper deals with the inner city living, especially in Yokohama. Nowadays, the inner city living is discussing quite often, however, the most researches are about central area of Tokyo. The analysis of inner city living must be argued Tokyo Metropolitan Area, including business core cities located around Tokyo.
Our analysis begins with building renewal attributes of current residents and desire to reside permanently in the centre of Yokohama within last 10 years, 1983 to 1993. We attempt to clarify the system of inner city living in Yokohama. From the analysis, we found that housing changed to residential-commercial mixed uses and collective housing at the renewal. However, there is a need of maintaining the characteristics of the each districts in Yokohama. As a result, housing provision must be relied on the characteristics of the area and make a suitable planning to the each districts.

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In recent years, however the the total housing floor area increased, the population size decreased in Tokyo wards area. So this paper is intended to grasp the relation between the housing supply and population size. And the folowings are found as conclusion. First we must consider the vacant house ratio, the ratio of house exchanging to the other uses and the number of residents living in other building uses to estimate the population size from the total floor area. Secondly there is need of supplying more 700ha of housing floor than the estimation based on the present condition to maintain present population size.

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The circumstances for children are getting worse in urbanization. In order to reconsider housing for bringing up children, the cooperative house U-court is taken up as the case study. The common space in U-court was designed by the residents' participation and it consists of trees, stream, pond and soil. Parking lot is concentrated under the piloti.
The purpose of this paper is to hypothesize about the important factors in the relationship between the growing children and their environment. We take up the life documents of childrenwho lived in U-court during their primary school age as the subject of study.
In conclusion, it is clear that the common where there is interaction of place and residentsserves the diversity and various meanings to childhood. Based on the analyses of the environmental factors, it may be assumed that fusion of housing and environmental planning technology and cultural technology of living together influences children's individual personalities.

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This paper deals with the provision of affordable housing in inner urban areas, and attemptsto clarify how urban planning can contribute to this. In so doing, the study focuses on the Britishplanning system, and examines housing-related policies found in the Unitary Development Plans inseven inner London Boroughs.
Our analysis begins with a general review of the present socio-economic conditions of inner London, followed by a summery of the national and the London-wide affordable housing policies. A comparative examination of the UDPs shows a difference between affluent Conservative boroughs and poverty-widen Labour boroughs: while all the boroughs recognize the need for new housirig provisions, only the Labour boroughs emphasize affordable housing. Then, apart from the protection of existing housing, three types of development were identified, as a means to achieve the targetfigure of affordable housing: mixed-use development, mixedhousing development and re-development of existing affordable housing. Also, it was found that most local authorities rely on the negotiation and planning agreement in order to materialize the provision of affordable housing.

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[in Japanese]

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