Because the income of single mother households is just a fraction of average household income, housing expenses are a large burden for single mother households that are procuring housing in the in the general housing market. Therefore their limited economic status relegates them to cheaper, lower quality housing. These conditions differ in urban and suburban areas. This study aims to understand the minimum housing standard of single mother households, the rate of the housing expenses burden and differences by region.

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The housing system in post-war Japan has explicitly been oriented towards family household home-ownership. However, changing social values related to marriage, women's increased participation in the labor market, and more uncertain economy have encouraged an increase in never married people.
This paper explores the housing condition of middle-aged never married people in Japan, drawing on a questionnaire survey conducted by Japan Institute of Life Insurance. The findings from the survey demonstrate that the housing situations of middle-aged never married people are differentiated by gender, living arrangement and economic status. In other words, women, low-income groups and relatively old people are particularly placed at a disadvantage in securing housing, and their prospects of social and economic life and housing are characteristically uncertain.

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The Importance of the roles of the municipality has been increasing in the field of urban development, but the investment in public works that the municipality does under severe financial circumstances keeps decreasing. There is a city planning tax that is the earmarked tax as the fiscal resources of the urban development of the municipality, and the tax revenue flow has been stable. However, information disclosure of this tax was insufficient, so the discussion regarding what kind of mechanism would be preferable among the people had not been done enough about this tax after the system had been founded. This research aims to compare details of the foundation, a tax rate, and the usage of the city planning tax that is a valuable fiscal resource for improving urban infrastructure with those of earmarked funds for roads. In addition, I propose the improvement of future city planning tax system by using a nationwide questionnaire survey of people's attitude.

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In this thesis, the Silver-peer business of Tokyo metropolitan government is analyzed. The requirement when the Silver-peer business is started clarifies the content that has changed. Next, hearing investigation is analyzed, and a present situation of the Silver-peer business is understood. The result of the analysis is as follows.
(1) The residence applicant's requirement was expanded from “Independence” to “Independence by using service”. Therefore, the range of the residence applicant and the resident is expanded, and the problem by aging increases. As a result, the judgment of resident's independence situation is difficult.
(2) A current system of Warden became possible the change to the system of LSA. Therefore, the system of Warden is various according to each district city.
(3) The use of communications room is a little. Many of home-care service centers have changed the name and the function to the region inclusive support center etc. It relates to the resident's aging, and there is relations of warden, LSA, and the region inclusive support center.

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This paper examines the profitability and investors' preference for REIT stocks. IV analysis for panel data of the profitability, types, scales and location of the real estate investment trusts (REITs) and Tobin's Q ratio analysis of REITs show that large scale REITs and high rate of debt can contribute to high profit, and that the office type REITs can lead to high profitability rather than the residential type REITs. Tobit analysis of institutional ownership also shows that financial organizations such as banks, insurance companies invest on REIT stocks positively and that investors for REIT stocks show rather high risk preferences.

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This paper aims to investigate 1) how married women construct their neighborhood relationships, 2) the role of community center in the construction of neighbor relations in mid-to-high-rise condominium, and 3) the effectiveness of the “Planning Standards in the Public-housing-apartments” from the viewpoint of the construction of neighborhood relationships. We examine the neighborhood relationships of married women in different life stages in a mid-to-high-rise condominium in Taipei city by the data from questionnaire. We clarified that: 1) Community center is useful to construct new neighborhood relationships by offering the place for indoor sports. However, it is necessary to enhance the diversity of activities in community center. 2) Religion and concerned facilities play important in the construction of neighborhood relationships of senior married women. Religious facilities, however; are ignored in planning in residential area. 3) Traditional retail markets are not only the purchase facilities but also the place for married women to know new neighbors. 4) The leisure activities, especially the sports, are important for the married women without young child to know more neighbors. However, the concerned facilities such parks might not function very well if they are too small.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual situation and the problem of land use control in greenbelt areas around Seoul Metropolitan Area. The case study area is Siheung City which is located in a neighborhood of Seoul City. The main findings are as follows: 1) In the land of the case study area, the classification of land category was largely changed to road sites by the local government. 2) The mixture of factories, warehouses and residential houses have appeared in the case study area. 3) Land prices in the case study area have increased evidently since the removal of the greenbelt in 2001-2002. Consequently, we suggest the trial of partial control technique at the time of cancellation of greenbelt, because this could be applied for considering the actual situation andtopographical characters in released greenbelt areas.

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This paper analyzes evaluation factors on residential satisfaction related with outcome indices on Basic Law for House Life using the micro data of 2003 Housing Demand Survey. Our special interest is whether or not residents adequately evaluate these indices about such as earthquake-proof, minimum housing standard, targeted housing standard, energy-saving equipment, barrier-free equipment and universal design, etc. on their determinants of residential satisfaction. We use ordered probit model to estimate the relationship between residential satisfaction and residents and housing attributes including these indices. Our results show that almost all indices we considered have effect on residential satisfaction. And the results suggest that governmental intervention may have little effect on their efficient policy execution.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the pattern of the assets use and the management actual situation of condominiums investment type. A survey has been conducted by analyzing the results of the interview investigation to the owners of the condominiums. The following have been obtained from the survey:
They have next four patterns of the assets use,(1) a type to demand stability like a future pension,(2) a type to increase assets more,(3) a type to find a capital gain,(4) another type to long for Kyoto brands. Each type is characteristic each. But, As a result, the owners of four patterns complaint about their business. It has a bad influence on the stock formation for residence in the central area.

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Condominium A is constructed thirty-one years ago and maintained good condition. Residents are in satisfactory community. They have also mutual help consideration and want to improve common facilities for the common service space of community welfare. For example, children's room, care room for elderly people, and tearoom. These would be common facilities not only for resident of condominium but also surrounding area.

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Due to the increase of housing poor and the entire transition of economic and social condition, the amendment of Public Housing Law and its enforcement order has been tried and partly realized. However, discussions about the present public housing rent system based on both benefit and ability to pay has been rarely heard until now, even though it seems to be the core of the system. The paper firstly clarifies problems and proposes a preferable alternative for the present calculation method of public housing rent, and then verifies the effectiveness of the proposed measure by analyzing drawing ratios of public houses in Kyoto city.

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This study focuses on a housing support system for disable people to rent private rental housing. When disable people occupy private rental housing, support from the government and the real estate agencies is necessary to clear social and economic problem. We investigated 19 local governments in Tokyo. The results are as follows: 1) the housing systems have 4 types: searching for housing, rent guarantee, rent subsidy, and visiting and calling. 2) For searching the housing, cooperation between the local government and the real estate agencies is necessary. However information of housing and effort from real estate agencies are few. 3) In the private rental housing market, there are problems of house owner's Unwillingness for rent and poor condition of the housing. 4) For the public private partnership, It is necessary to consider the extent of government responsibility. And for the disable people to live the housing, support from welfare and social service departments are necessary.

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Recently, Utilization & regeneration of housing stock are an important theme in housing studies as well as housing policies. In addition, housing complex regeneration and conversion are watched as a new concept for reconstruction. In this study, we aimed to clarify the trends of studies on the utilization & regeneration of housing stock. The way of study is as follows; Firstly, we abstracted the studies concerned with housing from the outline collection of the Architectural Institute of Japan in the past for about 40 years. Secondly, we abstracted the studies on the utilization & regeneration by which a key word of repair, remodeling, reconstruction and conversion, etc. is included in a theme out. Thirdly, We considered the overall trend of the studies and each trend of housing types of detached house, public rental housing, condominium and more than one type.

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The objective of this research is to suggest a settlement plan for sustainable environment-friendly apartment complex, based on the post occupancy evaluation of the residents and manager from the S apartment complex in the metropolitan area, that has taken a environment-friendly certification. A summary of the result is as follows: 1) The residents showed high satisfaction in the'ecological environment' field and low satisfaction in'accessability of transportation & neighbourhood facilities' and in ‘floor impact noise’. 2) The residents were mostly participating in environment-friendly behavior and they answered that living in a certified apartment influences them to change their behavior or thought environment-friendly. 3) Through an interview with the chief manager, even though the water reusing system was installed, because of the cost of operating it and the concerns for outbreak of skin diseases among children, the system has never been used after example operation, and instead tap water was being used. This points out that conveying the clear definition of environment-friendly apartment to residents and common understanding must be achieved and public relations and education on environment-friendly facilities, technology and management should have priority

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In accordance with progress of the aging society, rapid increase of medical care cost is causing recent financial imbalance in both municipal levels and family levels. In this study, the walking mobility in housings and their surrounding areas is to be studied based on the notion that it should be strongly related to enhancement of the quality of life (QOL) for aged people and consequently be helpful to reduce their medical care cost thereafter. Herein, the author selected three self supportiveness-enhancing-type model housings located in the Tokyo metropolitan region to analyze the walking mobility from two approaches:‘vertically-arranged element’(in-house element) and ‘horizontally-arranged element’(in-community element). Based on the finding, it was concluded that the combination of these two elements should be well fabricated in the planning/designing of housing projects toward the healthy aging society creation.

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The recent developments in mixed-use skyscrapers and apartment complexes follow trends toward greater control of entrances and exits, restricting the outsider from entering. The concept of controlling and protecting the public space, based on our closed neighborhood environment in the city today, can be linked to the “gated community”. The findings from the survey result includes that the gated community is housing complex with tangible structures in place to fence in the physical territory, to secure the realm of the community, and to restrict the outsider from entering, which is ubiquitously spread throughout the world today.The study examines some lower level housing complexes in suburb of the United States and of Japan from the perspective of gated community. Although the gated community concept can be seen in both countries, the execution of the concept significantly differs. While the US community has a physical gate that restricts the outsider from entering, the Japanese community in most cases has no such gate

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This study examines the problems facing HOA in U.S.A. and the governmental response to those problems. This study clarifies existence of excessive restrictions, high rates of litigation, social division and the inadequacy of consumer protection. As the results, the study found that the governmental response to those problems facing HOA is not necessarily effective, and that those problems should be paid more attention for considering the introductionof a new management system of living environment in Japan.

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