Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies
Online ISSN : 2433-1872
Print ISSN : 0913-7858
Volume 18, Issue 1
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
  • Hiroko MINESAKI
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 1-31
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper deals with Egyptian legal system from the viewpoint of legal pluralism. Egyptian legal system has experienced a drastic change by transplanting Western laws to Sharia. Although Sharia had lost executive force, it remains to be a "law" in a broad sense among Muslim people. Sharia's legal system plays an important role under the present circumstances. Sharia has kept strong authority on Muslims. However, there is a limit to work Sharia as legal system, for Sharia only function in the field where people recognize it. The field is semi-autonomous, while it is influenced by other "law"s and social conditions. Sharia can not neglect such social conditions and competes with other "law"s. All the "law"s differs each other in terms of subject of law, legal ideology and legal benefit. Therefore "law"s have tense rivalry with each other. Such coexistence of different "law"s is a feature in Egyptian legal system, which can be called legal pluralism. Another focus point is Fatwa's role in ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution). As Sharia itself cannot be changed, Muslims should decide, how far they follow positively norms of Sharia, depending on the degree of their belief. Hence Fatwa has worked as a buffer between Sharia and everyday life. When Islamic norms cause conflict with their own mind or behaviour, Fatwa gives them quite useful tools. Moreover it is used in interactions between one's ethic and Allah in order to retain sanity of Muslim. Egyptian people make the best use of legal pluralism that allows arbitrary law application to expand their own interests, by rearranging the order of "law"s depending on the circumstances.
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  • Susumu ISHIDA
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 33-52
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Nahoko MATSUMOTO
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 53-94
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Touhami ABDOULI
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 95-108
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Certainly, more than a thousand books have been written about Abraham, but among these the really precious volumes will be found to number scarcely a score. This fact is due to the immense difficulty of perceiving and comprehending what underlies the Arab-Islamic culture. This short essay is a summary of my doctoral thesis about Abraham. It can serve in one direction only as a contribution to study the cultural function of a representation. But this direction is not one of the least important. Nobody knows Abraham better than a man who has passed many years in trying to understand the presence of Abraham in different founding texts of three cultures by an anthropological approach of texts.
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  • Tsutomu SHIBUYA
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 109-136
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this article, I focus on the honor competition in which a group of Moroccan immigrants in France and their relatives in Morocco engage. To communicate with the relatives in Morocco, the immigrants used to write letters, but now, they can make telephone calls to each other. This technical innovation enables the immigrants to contact their relatives more frequently and hence to exchange information about everyday matters and rumors more easily. As a result, circles of people that shared the rumors are formed across national boundaries, and the members of these circles compete for one's honor with one another. In many areas of the Mediterranean and especially in Morocco, some anthropologists found the system of 'honor and shame.' They argue that the man of honor must have the 'domain of interdiction' [haram in arabic] and attacked other's honor, hence the competition for honor. The domains of interdiction include virginity of women under their authority and their land holdings. The man of honor must marry a woman, to obtain a domain of interdiction, and he must guard it against from others. He pays attention to his wife's relation with other men. When he has a daughter, he also must control her sexual relation. Regarding the ownership of land, another bet for honor, the man of honor must not deplete his land holding. He must prereserve his land and houseas well as his descent group's territories. For the man of honor, it is not enough to guard his honor against others' attack. It is expected that he challenge others' honor. Immigrants engage in the honor competition in France. They compete not only within immigrant groups, but also with their relatives in Morocco. Their relatives may urge then to participate in local competition at home. Honor belongs not only to an individual but also to his family. I think that participation in honor competition by immigrants also provides them with an opportunity for showing their belongingness to the family across the Mediterranean. This article shall point out that honor competition expanded geographically but also the bet for honor also changed. First, some immigrants began to question the traditional view that female virginity is important for men's honor. This shows in my view that "equality," an important value of the French republic, started to influence the immigrants, especially the second generation. Second, land holdings were the most important bet for honor in Morocco, but in France the immigrants bet for honor by buying such electric appliances as video cameras and personal computers, and by building 'western' houses in their home city in Morocco. This shows that French "consumption" culture now permeates the immigrants. The aboveobservations indicate that the "hybridization of honor" has occurred. The immigrants were not assimilated into the host culture, but they combined elements of the Moroccan culture with those of the French culture and invented a new culture of their own.
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  • Masako MATSUI
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 137-157
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Mari NUKII
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 159-185
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The nationalization movement of oil industries was developed into a large-scale nationalization movement under Mohammad Mosadeq, a charismatic leader, by attracting most of Iranians who suffered during the depression after the WWII. The uprising on July 21, 1952 was caused the anti-Mosadeq alliance's attack on the Mosaddeq reformative policies. The anti-Mosadeq alliance consisted of the royalists, the pro-British faction and the pro-Qavam faction in Iran. On July 16, 1952, Anti-Mosadeq alliance and the British government maneuvered to make Mossadeq resign from office and Ahmad Qavam assume office as Prime Minister, in accordance with Loy Henderson, U.S. ambassador to Tehran. The Siom-e Tir (July 21) uprising was a historical incident that returned Mossadeq to the prime ministerial post again in consequence of national resistance. For a long time, the question of the main agent(s) behind the uprising has been a controversial focus reflected by actual politics, such as the cold war and the Islamic revolution in 1979. Some researchers believed that the main agent(s) was the Tudeh party (Iranian Communist Party). This opinion actually influenced the subsequent American diplomatic policy toward Iran. Some have insisted secular-nationalist leaders played an important role. Other have asserted that the famous political cleric, Ayatollah Kashani, performed a very significant role to mobilize Iranian people against Qavam and his patrons, the Foreign Powers. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to describe not the leader's role, but people's political action, especially the Tehran Bazzaris' one, during the uprising of July 21, 1952. The analysis employs mainly Qiyam-e Melli-ye Siom-e Tir compiled by Muhammad Torkaman. After observing the Bazaaris' collective action in detail, the study explains how the Bazaar people had a more significant role than previous researchers have suggested. To be more precise, they participated in the resistance in their own interests rather than under the unilateral order from religious or nationalist leaders
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  • The Civil Organization Viewpoint
    Eiko SUZUKI
    Article type: Article
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 187-213
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: May 20, 2023
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Turkey, civil organizations was controlled by the government. Especially activities of civil organizations such as cooperation were limited by the 1982 Constitution, however. have been approved by 1995 amendment. As a result activities of civil organizations have greatly increased. On August 17th, 1999, an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale hit the Marmar region of Turkey. Many civil organizations participated in efforts to assist victims. Kadın Dayanışma Vakfı/KDV (Womens Solidarity Foundation) investigated the devastated areas and prepared action plans based on gender and local issues. Resulting programs were adaptable according to needs at the time of implementation. At first, WSF erected Women's Tents in response to the emergency itsell, then constructed Sewing Houses to provide income to these tent villages as a mid-range solution and proposed to the local government to construct a new Women's House for education center as a longrange solutioh. This plan constitutes a Participatory Learning Action process for social development. Other civil organizations also worked for social development and modernization after the earthquake. This extension of assistance to earthquake victims is seen as an expression of civic mindeclness by means of social mutual aid tailored to local needs. This can be considered as social capital consisting of trust, norms of reciprocity and network of civic engagement. These ideas were formulated in the form of civil organizations soon after the disaster in 1999 to assist the victims. One of networks was made into civil organizations called vakfı. In historically vakfı is the donation system in Islam society but in modern society, vakfı is defined as corporation organization in constitution. Vakfı for the norm for common goods as invisible system have been constructed for vakfi materials as visible objects. The Turkish government, however, tried to limit the activities of the civil organizations in the effected areas. In response, 101 civil organizations wrote editorials in newspapers calling for government and public acceptance of their activities. This editorial battle in the media led to maturation of the civil organizations and social recognition of their existence. The political expression of the civil organizations also reflects democratization in Turkey. In this process, it also expreses the change for role of civil organization from relief to rehabilitation and social development, and for quality from govement controled organization to real voluntary one. Although it can be said that the activities of Civil organizations were frozen in the 1980's, as a result of political change and support activities after the 1999 earthquake. Turkish society has discovered its civic mindedness. Civil organizations have functioned as agentcy to democratize and activate the civic mlndeclness of Turkish society.
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  • Sakuji YOSHIMURA, So HASEGAWA
    Article type: Report
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 215-226
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The truth that issues involved in the preservation of Cultural property especially of historical monuments are intrinsically bound up with the realities of urban development applies just as much to Muslim countries as it does to the European nations. It is particularly the case that the problem of how to preserve cultural assets and the ongoing process of development are, in a sense, but different faces of one and the same coin. In this paper, therefore, we intend to focus on Greater Cairo and look at it from the perspective outlined above; after all, this area is notable in Egypt as being characterized by the kind of environmental pollution that is the result of a teeming population just short of 10 million, as well as a damp environment typical of the Mediterranean. In so doing, we will describe the present status of historical monuments in the area and the issues involved in planning the conservation and restoration thereof. As of the latter half of the 1990s, the pyramid zone wherein converge the Pharaonic sites began to see a marked surge in moves to push urban development further into the Cairo suburbs. Originating in the construction of general housing and holiday homes, the trend went on to include the construction of the Ring Road, which led in no small way to such repercussions as the provision of access routes and the opening up to the public of the Pharaonic sites. The Cairo earthquake of 1992 also served to spark serious discussion as to the problem of how to achieve a coexistence of urban life and historical monuments such as churches and mosques. As a result, the Ministry of Culture was responsible for setting in motion initiatives to conserve and renovate a large number of historical monuments, mainly in the Coptic and Islamic areas. In Greater Cairo, therefore, we have seen, and are still seeing, the unlikely bedfellows of "development' and "preservation" coming together and making headway, hand in hand. At the same time, however, this surge of development has given rise to debate as to the suitability of the technology employed in such projects, which in turn means that we are bound to see, for the time being at least, an intensification of arguments preoccupied with the methodological aspects of the matter. In the days ahead, moreover, the problem of how historical monuments are to be preserved as an integral part of the historical environment will represent a challenge not only to the domain of conservation science, but also to the fields of history and archaeology.
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  • Abderrahmane LAKHSASSI
    Article type: Report
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 227-234
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Masayuki AKUTSU
    Article type: Book Review
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 235-239
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This book, based on a Ph D. thesis submitted to Harvard University, is a work focusing on 'ulama'. The main field and period it discusses are indicated in the subtitle, 11th century Baghdad. The madrasa (Islamic institutions for higher learning) such as the famous Nizamiyya College is also important subject relating to 'ulama'. The main feature of this work, which has to be initially concerned, is that it is a recent work concentrating on inter-disciplinary method and analysis. It should be noted that this book compares well with works like those of R. P. Mottahedeh, I. M. Lapidus, and most recently by M. Chamberlain. The author's ability to apply political and sociological approaches is easily recognized. However, it should be said regretfully that this advantage is not always developed in the work as a matter of central concern. After indicating the book's contents below, I will give detailed review of its analysis.
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  • Article type: Middle East Studies in Japan
    2003 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 241-253
    Published: February 28, 2003
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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