Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies
Online ISSN : 2433-1872
Print ISSN : 0913-7858
Volume 2
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Yoshiko KURITA
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 53-74
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In April 1985, the regime of Muhammad Ja'far Numayri in the Sudan (which was called the "May Regime" after the May coup d'etat of 1969) was overthrown as a result of the popular uprising. In April 1986, just one year after the uprising, an election was held, and the Sudan, after the 16 years of the May Regime, began to tread the path of parliamentary democracy once again. The result of the election was described as a "return to the traditional pattern" in the sense that the political powers such as the Umma Party and the Unionists, which had been influential in the pre-May period, returned to the power. At the same time, however, some changes were observed, for "the Umma Party, which had been a rightist power, turned into a middle-leftist power, while the Unionists, which had been a middle-leftist power, turned into a rightist power". It was also observed that the Sudanese intelligentsia, which had been one of the main props of the communist party, became largely "Islamized" and turned into the main supporters of the Islamic National Front. In this thesis, we attempt a brief analysis of the meaning of these phenomena and try-through this analysis-to throw a light upon the social and political changes the May Regime caused in the Sudanese society. In chapter 2, we deal with the historical and ideological basis of the Umma Party, which is characterized by its emphasis upon the "Sudanese" nationalism (as a thing distinguishable from the "Egyptian" nationalism), emphasis upon the "Africanism" (as a thing distinguishable from the "Arab" nationalism), and its insistence upon being an "Islamic" party based on the historical experience of the Sudan. We consider why the Umma Party (which was a symbol of the reactionary forces in the pre-May period) is able to play-to a certain extent-a "national and progressive" role in the present political situation in the Sudan. And-through this analysis-we look into some of the fundamental problems caused by the May Regime, i.e., the economic, political, and military dependency upon the outside world (which was typically expressed on one hand, in the intimate relationship with Egypt, and was expressed, on the other hand, in the increasing influence of the oil-producing Arab Gulf states on the political process in the Sudan), and the so-called "Southern Problem" which was caused and intensified by this very nature of the May Regime. In chapter 3, we deal with the historical and ideological basis of the Unionists, which is characterized by the features just opposite to those of the Umma Party, and consider the meaning of the so-called "retrogression" of the Unionists in the present political scene in the Sudan. In chapter 4, we look into the role of the intelligentsia in the Sudanese politics, and proceed to consider the meaning of the increasing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood among the Sudanese intelligentsia. And in this phenomenon of the "Islamization" of the intelligentsia-which is a direct result of the May Regime's policy aimed at the containment of the communism, and has been eagerly supported and encouraged by the oil-producing Gulf states-we observe another "heritage" of the May Regime, an element of continuity between the May Regime period and the present period, which threatens the struggle of the Sudanese people for the liberation from dependency.
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  • Daniel Pipes
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 108-124
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • A. Mete Tuncoku
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 125-165
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Makoto Hayasaka
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 166-186
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Takamitsu SHIMAMOTO
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 187-213
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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    Although its importance as an economic basis of the 'Ulama's power has been repeatedly pointed out. the institution of VAQF (plu. OWQAF, pious endowment) in Twelver Imami Shi'i tradition is probably one of the issues on which no serious and concrete investigation has ever been made. This may be partly because of paucity of documents concerning VAQF and partly because the people involved in VAQF administration did not want its actual proceedings to be made disclosed. In this paper, the author makes an attempt to comprehend the meaning of VAQF from two different but complementary aspects; its legal theory in Twelver Imami Shi'ism presented by various legal scholars such as 'Allama Hilli and Khomeini and so forth, on the one hand and the case study of VAQF administration around the city of Qom and its neighboring areas by utilizing several ketabchehs written in the latter half of the 19th century on the other. Through this analysis, though far from reaching any general conclusion, the following remarks could be made: the legal theory of VAQF, which in many ways was followed, was not always observed as it is presented by the FOQAHA, and several influential figures took advantage of the institution for their personal profit. This being the case, however, the city of Qom, which has been one of the most important religious centers in Iran with its religious architecture and institutions, had been greatly enriched and strengthened by the income from pious endowment, thus enabling the 'Ulama to enjoy their power directly or indirectly backed by this economic prosperity.
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  • Iraj PARSINEJAD
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 291-318
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Yuzo NAGATA
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 319-341
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Shintaro Yoshimura
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 342-362
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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    Diverse analyses have been attempted to explain the causes and characteristics of the 1977-79 Iranian Revolution. Attention is often focused on the Shah's repressive policy accompanied by the failure of rapid modernization in the 1960-70s. The roles of oppositional forces and Shi'i Islam in the struggle of the Pahlavi dictatorship are said to have facilitated the revolutionary mobilization of the masses. Few, however, appreciate the significance of the weaknesses of the Pahlavi dynasty-those historically inherited, and those newly emerging from the regime's efforts to strengthen its own rule. This latter aspect is acquiring a great importance in sociological studies of revolution. This paper will highlight the weaknesses of the Pahlavi dynasty, surveying the modern history of Iran. Several issues pertaining to the historical conditions of the dynasty, such as the vulnerability of its political legitimacy, the survival of an ex-Qajar elite stratum latently hostile to the dynasty, and the dual vertical structure of Iranian society composed of factionalized "traditionalists" and "modernists" will be explored. These points are viewed as historical and indigenous difficulties the dynasty had to confront. Secondly, the paper examines significant changes inside the Shah regime after the riots referred to as "Rehearsing Revolution" of 1963. The alterations to be considered here are the alienation and weakening of some political elites along with a decided failure in organizing landed peasantry as a new social base. Both factors resulted from land reform in the 1960s. Other changes include power concentration in the Shah through a "divide et impera" policy, and excessive dependency upon inclusive aid from the U.S. government. In marked contrast to the opponents gradually strengthened in organizational and ideological development, the Shah regime evidently became paralyzed from inside. According to the above analysis, it can be said that revolutionary government established in February 1979 is not entirely free of the same weaknesses observed in the Pahlavid rule.
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  • Tooru HAYASI
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 385-408
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the present report, major characteristics of Bolu dialect have been mentioned, mainly in comparison with standard forms. Sounds which are not found in Standard Turkish are four central vowels, the velar nasal and the narrow e. In some cases, a high unrounded vowel is replaced by a high rounded one. Voicing of the initial k and the loss of r in syllable final position are observed with high frequency. Some morphological characteristics have been also mentioned. Among them the suffix for the present progressive tense -ye〜-ya〜-ya, and the ending for the first person singular -n may be most conspicuous. This does not mean, however, that the characteristics mentioned above are exclusively found in Bolu dialect. It is a well-known fact that most of these characteristics are also observed in other Turkish dialects (cf. Caferoglu 1959, 1964, 1965). I hope that the present report will supply even a small part of data for the comparative study of Turkish dialects. As is already mentioned, such data as used in the present paper, are not guaranteed to contain sufficient information for linguistic analysis and, therefore, some points have been left unclear. To compensate such shortcomings, an investigation using a questionnaire is necessary. In this sense, research using interview texts and that with questionnaire are not replaceable but are complementary.
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  • Mitsuo KAWAMURA
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 409-439
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    Islamic or Middle Eastern studies in Japan started in the latter half of the 1930's, and developed rapidly along with the expansion of Japan's militarism to Asian countries. In other words, it was a pressing national necessity to gather more knowledge of Islam and information about what was happening in Islamic regions of Asia. Unfortunately, Islamic studies of pre-war Japan seem to gain but a little attention from scholars of both Middle East and Japanese history. Some explain the reason for this by close contacts of the Islamic studies of those days with militarism, and others say that there left only a few original works to evaluate. It may be true, indeed, in several points, but I cannot agree to such assertion as "Islamic or Middle Eastern studies before and during the Pacific War were no more than a part of studies serving the purpose of Japan's expansion to the Continent or of pacification maneuvering toward the Muslims in China and Southeast Asia". In this article, I tried to sketch the scene of Islamic studies in the 1930's by tracing the course of several research institutes. In February of 1932, the ISURAMU BUNKA KENKYUSHO (Institute of Islamic Culture) was formed as the first group of Islamic studies by IIDA Tadasumi, NAITO Tomo-hide, OKUBO Koji and KOBAYASHI Hajime. They published a journal "ISURAMU BUNKA (Islamic Culture)" in November but it ceased with the No.1 issue only. This institute may be briefly characterized as a pure academic group. The "Muslim Question" had to be urgently solved for the Japanese militarists and capitalists who were watching for a chance to advance to the North-western part of China then to the South after the founding of Manchoukuo in 1932. Under this circumstance, the ISURAMU BUNKA KENKYUSHO shortly split up into two groups: One was the ISURAMU GAKKAI (Islamic Academy) established in 1935 by OKUBO Koji, KOBAYASHI Hajime, MATSUDA Hisao, et al, and the other was the ISURAMU BUNKA KYOKAI (Association of Islamic Culture) founded in 1937, the directors' board of which was composed of ENDO Ryusaku, Home Ministry, SOSA Tanetsugu, Navy Ministry, KASAMA Akio, Foreign Ministry, and NAITO Tomohide. This Association published a journal entitled "ISURAMU-KAIKYO BUNKA (Islam-Islamic Culture)" from No.1 to No.6 (October 1937 to January 1939) until it was affiliated in February 1939 by the DAI-NIHON KAIKYO KYOKAI (Great Japan Association of Islam) established in September 1938 with General HAYASHI Senjuro, ex-Prime Minister, as president. In March 1938, OKUBO Koji who obtained the financial support from the Prince TOKUGAWA Iemasa established the KAIKYOKEN KENKYUSHO (Institute of Islamic World) together with KOBAYASHI Hajime and MATSUDA Hisao. It came soon under the financial control of the ZENRIN KYOKAI (Association of Good Neighborhood). In May of this year, the Research Department of Foreign Ministry began to publish a quarterly magazine "KAIKYO JIJO (Islamic Affairs)" to give accurate information on Islamic affairs which lasted until December 1941, and a mosque was constructed in Tokyo by large donations from the ZAIBATSU. It was a demonstration to the Muslim people in the world to show the national understanding of Islam. In August, the TOA KEIZAI CHOSAKYOKU (East Asian Economic Research Bureau of the South Manchurian Railway) headed by OKAWA Shumei launched its monthly magazine "SHIN AJIA (New Asia)" by which they showed the subject of their researches was not limited to East Asia. In September, TOA KENKYUSHO (Institute of East Asia) was established as a research organ of the Cabinet Planning Board "to make all-round researches of culture and nature of East Asia in order to contribute to the overseas expansion of the Imperial Japan". In this way, Islamic and Middle Eastern studies in Japan flourished in the latter half of the 1930's in response

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  • VLADIMIR FAIR TAMARI
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 440-461
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 462-482
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Takeshi Yukawa
    Article type: Book Review
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 483-490
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Masataka TAKESHITA
    Article type: Book Review
    1987 Volume 2 Pages 491-503
    Published: March 31, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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