Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies
Online ISSN : 2433-1872
Print ISSN : 0913-7858
Volume 22, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Kaoru AOYAGI
    Article type: Article
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 1-20
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Ahmed Kandil
    Article type: Article
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 21-61
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Kumiko SAITO
    Article type: Article
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 63-86
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper examines how the Ottoman governing system was introduced and settled in eastern Anatolia from the perspective of the local administration system. After the Ottoman Empire held the eastern Anatolia under its control in the 16th century, two provinces, namely Diyarbakir and Van, were established in 1515 and 1548 in the region. The Ottoman Empire grasped the situation of Kurdish amirs (chieftain) who had governed the area and integrated the territories of amirs as sancak (subdivision of a province). However, the Ottoman Empire differentiated sancaks of amirs from other typical Ottoman sancaks. After the province of Van was established, sancaks of amirs were divided into several groups. The sancaks of powerful amirs were called hukumet whereby amirs were entitled for specific authority. Hence the Ottoman Empire distinguished sancaks of amirs by the level of authority. As a result, three types of sancaks emerged such as ordinary sancak, ocaklik sancak (hereditary holding sancak), and (ocaklik) hukumet. Ordinary sancaks and ocaklik sancaks were replaced or changed between them, although hukumets had no change throughout the 17th century. Vocabularies used in the archival sources clearly indicate the characteristics of the above-mentioned three types of sancaks. In the 16th century vilayet meant province, whereas eyalet was used in the 17th century instead. Sancaks of amirs were recorded as vilayet or eyalet in the 16th century, and these were replaced with liva, ocakhk liva, and (ocaklik) hukumet in the beginning of the 17th century. The local administration system did not clearly place the sancaks of amirs throughout the 16th century. The term such as vilayet or eyalet represented its uniqueness as unordinary sancaks, and they were no longer in use due to the establishment of hukumet in the 17th century. It should be noted that the establishment of hukumet is the most significant characteristics in the local administration system of eastern Anatolia. Since land survey was not conducted and timar system was not implemented, hukumet meant sancaks entitled with specific authority. The central government provided some of hukumet amirs with sancaks or provinces, same as their own hukumet, which was exceptional financial privilege compared with other sancak beyi (district governor) in the same era. However, most cases aimed to ensure the additional revenues for sancak beyi or beylerbeyi (provincial governor), since most of hukumet amirs served concurrently as sancak beyi, and usually they were released in a short period. The Ottoman Empire gave specific privilege to amir, however, the Sultans still kept appointive power to sancak beyi and the appointment required approval by beylerbeyi. In practice the request by other people aside from beylerbeyi was also widely accepted. The Grand Vizier, commander of military campaign positioned above beylerbeyi at the central level, and other amirs or tribes lead by amirs were able to confirm the requests. The Ottoman Empire gradually integrated amirs into its governing system. For instance, the central government made certain economic requisites in appointing sancak beyi, or deprived the inherited privileges when the conflict over the position of amir occurred. Unlike ordinary sancaks of the Ottoman Empire, the amirs in eastern Anatolia inherited the post of sancak beyi within family. The situation could easily allow the internal conflict over the post of sancak beyi, since the sequence of inheritance was not unanimously defined. The amirs requested the central government to mediate and intervene for conflict resolution, and accepted the economic requisites proposed by the central government, which in turn provided an excuse for its intervention to the central government. The administrative and financial systems introduced in the 16th century gradually stabilized the Ottoman governing system in eastern Anatolia through the 17th century.
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  • Shoko WATANABE
    Article type: Article
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 87-111
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    Cette esquisse a pour but de mettre a jour les changements oulturels dans la societe algerienne des annees 1930 aux annees 1950, a travers les politiques de l'instruction publique de la langue arabe. Cette partie de l'enseignement officiel demeure peu connue, consideree comme un instrument inefficace de la politique coloniale. Sa relation avec les masses musulmanes reste a etudier. L'enseignement officiel de l'arabe etait assure par les trois Medersas officielles et le corps des Mouderres officiels, crees respectivement en 1850 et en 1851. Les premieres s'occupaient de l'instruction superieure de l'arabe, en se chargeant de former les agents officiels de la jurisprudence musulmane, du culte musulman, ainsi que le personnel de l'enseignement primaire de la langue arabe, bref les Mouderres officiels. Malgre le nombre tres limite des etudiants, l'enseignement officiel de l'arabe n'a pas perdu sa raison d'etre, car il etait pour l'administration une preuve de son engagement en faveur de la culture arabe musulmane. La France se presentait comme l'heritiere sinon la protectrice de la culture arabe traditionnelle en nommant ces etablissements ou agents coloniaux par les appellations classiques de "Medersa" et "Mouderres." Ce role stabilisant l'ordre colonial de l'enseignement officiel de l'arabe devint plus important quand il entra en concurrence avec le mouvement de l'enseignement libre de l'arabe de l'Association des Ulemas musulmans d'Algerie, fondee en 1931. Si l'administration coloniale a confisque les proprietes pieuses pour designer et retribuer le personnel officiel a sa charge, Ibn Badis, le fondateur de l'Association des Ulemas, a appele les musulmans a la souscription dans le but de fonder des etablissements prives, ou se conserverait le caractere independant et benevole de l'enseignant arabe. Selon lui, l'enseignement chez les musulmans etait historiquement lie a la mosquee, c'est-a-dire a la pratique religieuse. En denoncant les efforts insuffisants de l'administration pour propager parmi les masses la langue de leur religion et face aux politiques repressives envers leurs activites culturelles, l'Association lanca la campagne des Medersas de l'enseignement libre. De la l'administration francaise se mit en quete de support social pour sa politique d'instruction. Les Medersas et Mouderres officiels etaient ses promoteurs. Retrospectivement parlant, ce defi de l'enseignement officiel de l'arabe pour gagner une legitimite culturelle s'est termine par un echec, alors que le mouvement des Ulemas a acquis une certaine popularite. Mais l'incapacite du systeme officiel a s'installer dans la population des masses ne provient pas forcement du refus conscient et politique de la part des musulmans. Au contraire, l'enseignement public de la langue francaise, surtout apres la premiere guerre mondiale a vu de plus en plus de succes parmi les musulmans, aspirants a l'ascension sociale. La baisse de "prestige" de l'enseignement officiel de l'arabe a l'oree des annees 1930 s'expliquait, selon les observations des administrateurs francais, pour deux raisons principales: la manque de debouche des Medersiens et les conditions defavorisees problematiques du metier de Mouderres officiel. Ne trouvant pas un poste dans les domaines juridiques ou religieux, au demeurant rare, les Medersiens furent pousses vers radministration civile. Les postes de Mouderres officiel, qu'ils consideraient comme une profession subalterne mal payee, n'attiraient pas leurs esprits pragmatiques. Il en resulta une penurie d'enseignant officiel de l'arabe. Il est vrai que les Mouderres officiels travaillaient dans les conditions instables. Ils se sont trouves

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  • Kumiko YAGI
    Article type: Special Issue
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 113-114
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Kumiko YAGI
    Article type: Special Issue
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 115-121
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Masami ARAI
    Article type: Special Issue
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 123-130
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Morio FUJII
    Article type: Special Issue
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 131-137
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Shintaro MORI
    Article type: Special Issue
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 139-145
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
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  • Ali al-Kahtani
    Article type: Research Note
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 147-158
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Hiroyuki AOYAMA
    Article type: Book Review
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 159-163
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Aiko NISHIKIDA
    Article type: Book Review
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 165-168
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Kazuo MORIMOTO
    Article type: Doctoral Theses in Middle East Studies
    2006 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 169-173
    Published: August 08, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2018
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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