IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems
Online ISSN : 1348-8155
Print ISSN : 0385-4221
ISSN-L : 0385-4221
Volume 124, Issue 2
Displaying 1-50 of 55 articles from this issue
Special Issue on “High Speed Devices & mm Wave Devices and Their Circuit Application”
Special Issue Review
  • Hiroyo OGAWA
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 238-243
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper describes the recent trend of millimeter-wave wireless access systems which utilize the advantages of millimeter-waves. The fixed wireless access systems are first discussed and newly developed testbed at Yokosuka city area for broadband transmission is introduced. Then three promising short distance wireless access systems using 60-GHz frequency are discussed. The first one is on video transmission in the house, the second on vertically -connected link for the apartment infrastructure, and the third on wireless personal area ad-hoc system. Lastly millimeter-wave self-heterodyne transmission method is briefly introduce which can decrease the complex and cost of millimeter-wave local oscillators.
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  • -An application to a 21-GHz-Band Broadcasting Satellite System Efficiently Compensating for Rain Attenuation-
    Toshihiro Nomoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 244-249
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A phased-array antenna with mini-TWTs to realize a 21-GHz-band-broadcasting satellite system with a function efficiently compensating for rain attenuation is introduced in this article. Rain attenuation of RF signals in the 21-GHz-band is 3 times larger (in dB unit) than that in the 12-GHz-band, in which the current satellite broadcasting is served. Rain attenuation compensation technique is indispensable to keep sufficient service availability in the 21-GHz-band-broadcasting satellite system. However because it is known that heavy rain usually falls only in limited areas, it will be effective to boost beam strength only for such rainfall areas by application of the phased-array antenna.
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  • Keren Li, Masayuki Izutsu
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 250-256
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In recently years, we have introduced a new concept of photonic antennas for wireless communication system using radio-over-fiber technology. The photonic antenna is a functional device in which a photonic device such as photodetector and a planar antenna are directly integrated to form a photonic feeding RF (Radio Frequency) transmitter. This paper presented our recent research activities on the experiments of the optical modulation and photodetection at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, the development of a new planar antenna: coplanar patch antenna (CPA) for the direct integration with the photodetector, and the transmission experiments of a basic photonic antenna system based the new concept.
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  • Hiroshi Kurihara, Takashi Tanaka, Toshifumi Saito, Motonari Yanagawa
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 257-263
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The electromagnetic anechoic chambers have been widely used for many purposes with the advance of communications from microwaves to millimeter-waves. In this paper, the electromagnetic anechoic chamber used from microwaves to millimeter-waves is explained, and the ultra broadband wave absorbers for these electromagnetic anechoic chambers are stated. The some recent results of measurement are shown to ascertain the performance of these absorbers at the sub-millimeter-waves.
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  • Yoshio Kobayashi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 264-269
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recent development trends of several resonance methods are reviewed to measure the complex relative permittivity (relative permittivity εr and loss tangent tanδ of low-loss dielectric materials and the surface resistance Rs of high temperature superconductors (HTS) in microwave and millimeter-wave regions; that is, a cavity resonator method, a cut-off circular waveguide method, a balanced-type circular disc resonator method, a Fabry-Perot open resonator method, a whispering-gallery mode resonator method, a Hakki-Coleman method, a two-dielectric-resonator method, a one-dielectric-resonator method, a dielectric resonator method using NRD-guides, and a perturbation method.
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  • Yohei Otoki, Hiroyuki Kamogawa
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 270-276
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Mass production technology and new developments in Compound Semiconductor material for Microwave devices are here described. Semi-insulating GaAs was used for Microwave devices from the 1980s. Progress of Epi-taxial technology has enabled higher performance of these devices. Epi-wafers for HEMTs and HBTs are grown by MOVPE and MBE in mass production. Controllability of the growth and improvement of through-put have been carried out in both methods. Quality improvement of conventional technology is still important on a real stage for the next generation devices. The new materials, such as Metamorphic Wafers, InP related material and GaN-HEMT have been developed and are showing high performance. Compound Semiconductors will contribute significantly to the future of Microwave devices.
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  • Tomohisa Mizuno, Naoharu Sugiyama, Tsutomu Tezuka, Shinichi Takagi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 277-283
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We present an attractive SOI CMOS technology with a strained-Si channel for high speed ULSIs in decanano regions. The strained-SOI CMOS devices have superior characteristics, because of the combination of the SOI and the strained-Si structures. The electron and the hole mobilities are enhanced by 1.85 and 1.53, compared to those of the conventional Si MOSFETs. We demonstrate the results of high speed CMOS ring oscillators using the strained-SOI devices. We also report the device design for the strained-SOI CMOS and a new strained-SOI CMOS.
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  • Shinichiro Wada, Takashi Hashimoto, Katsuyoshi Washio, Hideyuki Hosoe
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 284-288
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A high-performance SiGe HBT/BiCMOS technology is reviewed. A nano-meter scaling of epitaxial SiGe base layer is an effective to improve cutoff frequency. Non-self-aligned structure and self-aligned structure in SiGe HBTs are compared in terms of their process flows and characteristics. An ECL gate delay of 4.9 psec is achieved by the high-yield self-aligned SiGe HBTs with a maximum oscillation frequency of 183 GHz. Without performance degradation the SiGe HBT and advanced CMOS technology are integrated with high-performance passive elements for mixed signal system-on-a-chips.
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  • Makoto Kosugi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 289-295
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper describes a broadband amplifier for 40Gbit/s optical communication systems. 0.1μm-gate InGaAs/AlGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (p-HEMT) and distributed amplifier technologies were applied for high performance. The broadband amplifier consists of 8sections of cascode amplifiers, which results in a broad bandwidth and very flat gain response. As an experimental result, a high gain of 11.5dB, a gain flatness of +/-0.6dB, a high output voltage of 2.8V and a broad bandwidth of 69GHz were obtained. These results indicate combination of 0.1μm-gate InGaAs/AlGaAs p-HEMT and distributed circuit technology is one of promising candidates for an electroabsorption (EA) modulator driver in 40Gbit/s optical communication systems.
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  • Noriharu Suematsu
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 296-302
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The technical trend of compound and Si ultra-high speed devices for wireless communication terminals is described. The choice of compound or Si devices depends on the RF frequency range and the required RF handling power. For high frequency applications and for high RF power circuit block, the compound devices still be used and new devices such as InGaP HBT has been developed. If the frequency range is below 6GHz, and the output power is limited, Si devices are becoming common for the transceiver system IC. Based on the device trends, the technical requirements for the ultra-high-speed devices for present and next-generation wireless applications are described. Developments of compound HBT PA and SiGe-RFIC’s for 3G (W-CDMA) terminals are also described and the circuit techniques used in these RF devices are introduced.
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  • Masaaki Nishijima, Young Yun, Hidetoshi Ishida, Tsuyoshi Tanaka
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 303-307
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this work, we used a novel CSP to develop a broadband amplifier MMIC for quasi millimeter-wave band applications, including all the matching and biasing components. By utilizing an ACF for the CSP, the fabrication process for the packaged amplifier MMIC could be simplified and made cost effective. A STO (SrTiO3) capacitor was employed to integrate the DC biasing components of the MMIC. Pre-matching circuits were used for the gate input and drain output of the FETs in the design of the broadband amplifier MMIC. The packaged amplifier MMIC exhibited good RF performance and stability over a wide frequency range.
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  • Futoshi Kuroki, Motofumi Yamaguchi, Masayuki Sugioka, Tsukasa Yoneyama
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 308-313
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Millimeter-waves have attracted much attention for the construction of novel IT (Information Technologies) systems. Several types of millimeter-wave front ends have been developed by using printed transmission lines such as a microstrip line, a coplanar waveguide, and so forth. Although such printed transmission lines are preferable for application of centimeter frequencies, they suffer from a high level of transmission loss at millimeter-wave frequencies.
    Another transmission-medium candidate for millimeter-wave integrated circuits is the nonradiative dielectric waveguide (NRD guide), which consists of rectangular-shaped dielectric strips inserted in a below cutoff parallel metal plate waveguide. The NRD guide has great advantages such as no undesired radiation at curved sections and discontinuities as well as low transmission loss inherent in dielectric waveguides. Indeed, high performance millimeter-wave integrated circuits have been developed based on the NRD guide technology. In this paper, as an update, we will present progress in NRD guide technology from the viewpoint of the ultra high-speed performance.
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  • Kouji Wada, Tomohide Kamiyama, Osamu Hashimoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 314-322
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper presents microwave resonators and filters fabricated with uniplanar lines such as a coplanar waveguide(CPW) and slot line(SL). We focus on an open-ended λ/2 resonator, short-ended λ/2 resonator and λ/4 resonator for fabricating the bandpass filters(BPFs). Various BPFs based on these resonators are presented and their characteristics are also discussed.
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Special Issue Paper
<Electronic Devices>
  • Kensuke Tani, Osamu Hashimoto, Masahiro Hanazawa
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 323-327
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A radio wave absorber using an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) resistive-film, a metal plate as a reflection plate and two layers of dielectric plate is proposed. We herein examine the wide-angle absorption characteristics of the absorber under TE and TM polarization waves, theoretically and experimentally. In this structure, two layers of the dielectric plate are arranged in front of the resistive-film for the absorption film under the condition that the permittivity and thickness are chosen accurately. As a result, realization of the absorber for TE and TM polarization waves is confirmed theoretically. Moreover, the absorption of 20dB or more can be obtained based on the designed values of the proposed absorber under the incident angle ranging from 0 to 47.5 degrees for TE and TM polarization waves.
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  • Yosuke Sato, Yoshinori Kogami, Yoshiro Tomabechi, Kazuhito Matsumura
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 328-334
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper, a design technique of whispering gallery mode high Q value dielectric disk resonators for a millimeter-wave bandpass filter is described. To minimize the resonator size, some high permittivity materials are used. In this resonator design, unloaded Q value of an interested mode and the higher order modes are calculated and then optimum resonator size for the WG mode dielectric filter is determined. For a designed resonator, the higher order modes are hardly excited while the Q value of the fundamental mode can be maximized. Finally, some 3stage BPFs are constructed at 60GHz by using these designed resonators.
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  • Asuka Kondo, Makoto Toyota, Tetsu Soh, Osamu Hashimoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 335-340
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    While the demand of millimeter-wave intelligent transport system(ITS) including the automotive radar increases, utilization of electromagnetic(EM) waves on the street is increasing now. However, malfunction may be caused to communication and detection by the diffused EM wave reflected from incidental facilities such as a road sign and others. If the road sign having an absorbing function of the unwanted EM waves is realized, it is very effective to prevent the diffused EM wave reflected from the road sign. In this study, we focus on a transparent λ/4 wave absorber with resistive films attached on the road sign in adding absorbing function of EM waves of automotive rader frequency. In this structure, spacer is fabrecated of light reflecting sheet consisting of a part of the road sign and polycarbonate(PC) plate made of the transparent dielectric material. In this case, we try to examine the absorption characteristics of the proposed absorber both 60 and 76GHz bands theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the high-performance λ/4 wave absorbers for 60 and 76 GHz bands are realized.
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  • Kouji Wada, Takanobu Ohno, Osamu Hashimoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 341-349
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper describes the improvement of skirt characteristics of a bandpass filter (BPF) by using mixed tapped resonators. In this paper, we try to examine the transmission characteristics of the BPFs with a function to control the number of attenuation poles based on the use of a λ/2 resonator and a λ/4 resonator as the basics of the distributed constant line resonators. As a result, we have confirmed that realization of the attenuation poles than the number of the resonators, choice of the numbers of the realized poles and their location control. The miniaturization of the presented BPF is also accomplished as well as the location of the attenuation poles mentioned above. It has been confirmed that our proposal enables the control of the number of attenuation poles of the BPF.
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  • Kouji Wada, Kouichi Nakagawa, Takanobu Ohno, Osamu Hashimoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 350-356
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper describes improvement of spurious responses for bandpass filters(BPFs) using an open-ended coupled-line. First, we examine the resonance characteristics of the tap-coupled open-ended resonator. Secondly, we examine the effectiveness of tap-coupling method to the BPF consisting of an open-ended microstrip coupled-line. Furthermore, improvement of the spurious responses of an edge-coupled BPF consisting of microstrip coupled-line is also examined theoretically and experimentally. It has been confirmed that proposed method is useful for improving the spurious responses of the BPFs consisting of the open-ended microstrip coupled-line.
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  • Kin Fai Tong, Keren Li, Toshiaki Matsui, Masayuki Izutsu
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 357-362
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper, we have presented the double-layered coplanar patch antennas of enhanced impedance bandwidth and adjustable conductor-backed coplanar waveguide feed lines. The proposed structure retains the advantage of laying the coplanar patch and CPW feed line on the same surface, which makes direct integration with other devices easier. Besides the substrate thickness of the radiating patch can be adjusted for wider impedance bandwidth while the dimensions of the CPW feed line was kept unchanged. Simulation has been done by using commercial EM simulation software. A parametric study of the gap distance between the coplanar patch and the top ground, and the width at the feeding point was carried out. Four testing antennas, which operate at 10GHz, were designed and the characteristics of the antennas were compared. The four testing antennas had same total thickness, but different thickness combinations. The measured return loss, gain, and radiation patterns of the antennas demonstrated that different thickness combinations do not affect the characteristics of the antennas seriously. Therefore, the dimensions of the CPW feed lines of the antennas can be adjusted for different applications.
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<Integrated Electronic-Circuits>
<Electronics Applications>
  • Ken-ichi Kimura, Osamu Hashimoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 381-387
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper describes the proper calculation of the complex permittivity for general building materials from the magnitude of the reflection loss measured by the free space measurement. Most building materials are very inhomogeneous, due to (among other factors) varying thickness, rough surface condition, water content and distribution. In this paper the free space measurement is chosen to determine complex permittivities, as the sample preparation is relatively easy and precision machining of materials to be tested is not required.
    Iterative calculation for the complex permittivity deduces by using four measured data, which come from measurements of samples backed by a metal plate from front side (front-short), samples only from front side (front-open), samples backed by a metal plate from back side (back-short), and samples only from back side (back-open), under the condition that the frequency variation of the standard deviation of the complex permittivity is small.
    This paper also presents the relation of the complex permittivites to water contents for three kinds of building materials (fiber reinforced cement boards, calcium silicate boards and mortar boards) in the frequency range between 1.55 GHz to 6.5 GHz, which is agree to the other past analytical work.
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Paper
<Electronic Materials>
  • Kengo Nagashima, Masaki Hashida, Masahito Katto, Masahiro Tsukamoto, M ...
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 388-392
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Laser-ablation experiments were performed on Al2O3 ceramics with Gaussian laser beam (800 nm wavelength, 100 fs pulse duration, 1.4 - 21 J/cm2 fluence range) focused to 33 mm spot diameter (at 1/e intensity level). The ablation threshold was determined by two different methods. The first one was applied to the ablation rate dependence on the laser fluence. The second method was applied to the crater surface diameter dependence on the laser fluence. These two dependences have been well expressed by the formulas applied to metals. The ablation threshold for Al2O3 ceramics was found to be 1.43±0.7 J/cm2. A micro-hole drilling of ceramics (150 mm-thickness) was demonstrated with laser fluence of 20 J/cm2. Aspect ratio (crater depth/diameter) of 3 has been achieved.
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<Electronic Devices>
  • Katsutoshi Kakita, Norihiko Morita, Yasushi Horii
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 393-398
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Microstrip patch antennas have been widely used in mobile and satellite communication systems due to their great advantages of low cost, low profile, lightweight and easy fabrication. However, the dimensions of a classical patch antenna are on the order of half a wavelength. This paper proposes a new approach to reduce the size of the antenna by embedding several patch resonators in an antenna substrate. Periodically installed resonators are expected to exhibit slow-wave effects. First of all, a microstrip delay line having a train of patch resonators in its substrate is demonstrated theoretically by the conventional FDTD method, and the slow-wave effect is discussed. Next, a 2-dimentional patch resonator array is applied to a microstrip patch antenna, and the effectiveness of the proposed structure is evaluated in the respect of antenna dimensions. Also, several experiments have been carried out to confirm the theoretical predictions. Using a prototype model fabricated on an LTCC substrate, the size reduction of more the 50% is attained.
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  • Keisuke Itoh, Mineo Itoh
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 399-403
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, there has been increased interest for electromagnetic shielding in the radio frequency (RF) region. The use of effective electromagnetic shields has, moreover, been required to improve the electromagnetic environment. The present paper has applied bincho-charcoal, a high quality charcoal found in Japan, to improve RF electromagnetic shields. Bincho-charcoal makes an excellent shield, due to a very large value of relative permittivity in the RF region. In the present research, the evaluation of the RF magnetic shielding degree SDH of the bincho-charcoal was limited to a plate being exposed to an electromagnetic wave. The SDH of the single plate was found to increase with an increase in RF frequency over the range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz. The value of SDH at 100 MHz was found to be about 15 dB. The present authors have, furthermore, improved the value of SDH by the use of a triple plate, constructed from three bincho-charcoal plates. The SDH of the triple plate at 100 MHz was found to be improved by about 15 dB over that of the single plate. In addition, the SDH was shown to be improved by the superposition of a copper plate over the triple plate.
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<Integrated Electronic-Circuits>
  • Kato Toshiji
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 404-410
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Circuit simulators have been often used for a power electronic system design. However most of them are limited in their application class to one with fixed elements one because they can only handle programed or fixed element characteristics. To overcome this disadvantage, a simulator should be flexible enough to handle any combination characteristics of available mathematical functions and operations. It is a problem how to compute Jacobian elements or partial derivatives with respect to circuit variables. This paper proposes a way how to compute the derivatives by using the automatic differentiation method which is simple and acurate. The principle and application examples are described.
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  • Hideo Araki, Kiyoaki Hoshino, Toshiro Kutsuwa, Katsumi Harashima
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 411-417
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A processor has obtained high speed and many flexible functions by improving semiconductor technology. Almost all the new processors are expensive. Furthermore, varieties of small scale processors suitable to embedded systems are lessening. However varieties of embedded systems are increasing and life times of the systems are becoming short. Therefore small processors which are able to use freely are required. We propose a design method of building a processor system on a FPGA. By applying our design method, flexible and expandable processor system can be realized. The processor system has functions for real time processing and exclusive control. By realizing the functions, the processor system can be applied to systems which need a real time OS. However, designing an application program for the processor with special functions is difficult. As means of solving the problem, we built a tiny language for programming of the processor which has restricted architectures. In this paper, we describe the processor system and the tiny language.
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<Biomedical Engineering>
  • Yuhki Shiraishi, Kotaro Hirasawa, Jinglu Hu, Junichi Murata
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 418-424
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology using an artificial ecosystem model, Tierra, has been proposed by T. Ray. In his model, digital creatures, i. e., self-replicating assembly-like programs are coevolving, but this system has been considered not to have the same potential for evolutionary innovation as physical systems. It is considered to be a problem to unlock the full potential of evolution in digital media.
    To solve the problem, we have proposed a new model using a network-type assembly-like language, where interaction between creatures is restricted locally like C. Adami’s Avida. In this paper, we have investigated the basic properties of our model, and found (1) the number of creatures with the dominant species continues to change while it does not in Avida, and (2) the former is smaller than the latter under almost the same conditions. These show the possibility that our model has more potential of evolution. We also studied the influence of changing world’s size, mutation rate, and so on.
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  • Mitsuyo Ito, Yoshiharu Koya, Isao Mizoshiri
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 425-430
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Presently, many of the already proposed blood circulation models are mainly partial models although they are precise models. A complete model that is a combination of these partial models are difficult to analyze because it is complicated to consider both the viscosity of blood and circulatory details at the same time. So, it is difficult to control the model parameters in order to adapt to various cases of circulatory diseases.
    This paper proposes a complete circulation model as a lumped electrical circuit, which is comparatively simple. In the circuit model, total blood is modeled as seven lumped capacitors, representing the functions of atriums, ventricles, arteries, veins and lungs. We regard the variation of the ventricle capacitance as the driving force of the complete circulation model. In our model, we considered only the variation of pressure between each part and the blood capacity of each part.
    In particular, the contraction function of the left ventricle is examined under the consideration of whole blood circulation.
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  • Yoshiaki Hara, Masaki Yoshida, Masafumi Matumura, Noriaki Ichihashi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 431-435
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the muscle activity of each muscle by integrated electromyogram (iEMG) signal in daily life. We measured the iEMG signals from the medial vastus muscle, the semitendinosus muscle, the rectus femoris muscle and the biceps femoris muscle in this study. The muscle activity was calculated using iEMG signals. The muscle activity was evaluated by comparing the muscle activity in the daily life to the activities of muscle in level walk of 10 steps. We compared the evaluation results of the muscle activity for each muscle. From these results, it has been proved that the muscle activity is different even if these muscles belong to the same group, which exerts the same action on one joint. This result suggests that the evaluation of each muscle activity should be useful for safety and efficiently training of rehabilitation.
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  • Ai Inoue, Yasumitsu Miyazaki, Nobuo Goto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 436-445
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Magnetoencephalography(MEG) measures the magnetic field generated by the activity current within the brain accompanying excitement of a nerve cell on the surface of the head. In this research, order analysis and its reverse analysis is performed supposing a suitable head model. The order analysis applied the finite element method. For inverse analysis, it is formulized using finite element method-Kalman filter algorithm . In reverse analysis with a Kalman filter, presumption of single dipole was able to be performed with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, analysis for two sources of current was also performed.
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<Sensing Systems>
<Communication and Networks>
  • Ryoichi Shinkuma, Minoru Okada, Katsutoshi Tsukamoto, Shozo Komaki
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 453-460
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Wireless local area network (LAN) techniques have been adopted not only to office and home networks but also spot access in public places. Although the transmission speed of wireless LANs has reached to a few ten Mbps, the effective transmission speed for each user degrades due to the restriction of radio resources in multi-user environments. In this paper, we propose a new radio resource management algorithm for the IEEE802.11a wireless LAN. In the proposed scheme, the wireless transmission mode is chosen according to the acceptable bit error rate (BER) of each transmitted packet. Then, the bandwidth assignment is performed, as matching the bit rates required of the packets. The proposed scheme can improve the quality of service for every user by assigning a lot of radio resources to error-sensitive data and the data requiring high bit-rates. In this paper, we verify the availability of the proposed scheme by computer simulations.
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<Multimedia Technology>
  • Hideya Takahashi, Kiyotaka Eizumi, Masaki Hirasawa, Eiji Shimizu
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 461-466
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is necessary for Mixed Reality technology to use a see-through Head-Mounted Display (HMD) in which both the real world and virtual world can be seen at the same time. A conventional see-through HMD has a fixed focal point for the virtual images on the spatial light modulator, while the eye dynamically accommodates to the changing fixation point of real objects. Therefore, both real and virtual objects cannot be steadily observed because an observer can only accommodate to one of them. In order to overcome this problem, a Retinal Projection Display has recently been proposed. In a Retinal Projection Display, an image is projected onto a retina directly, so we can view images with long focal depth by using the principle of the Maxwellian View. However, the viewing zone in the Maxwellian View is very narrow because the center of the pupil has to correspond to the converging point of the rays. This paper proposes a new method of a Retinal Projection Display which has a wide viewing zone, and describes an experimental result.
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  • Atsushi Kuramochi, Keiichi Yonemura, Akihiko Sugiura
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 467-472
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, visual function defect has being social problem. Though people felt an incongruity are a few on using glasses and so on, the needs that seeing CRT without using correcting instruments is high, too. So we suggest the method sight revising on the part of CRT as new sight revising method. In the experiment, we made the image removed high frequency band, and then carried out an eye test using the image added high frequency band by linear function and logarithmic function to it. As a result, we could be sight revising by added high frequency band.
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<Sound and Image Processing and Recognition>
  • Motoki Moritani, Fumihiko Saitoh
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 473-479
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper proposes a non-contacting certification system by using morphological analysis of hand images to access security control. The non-contacting hand image certification system is more effective than contacting system where psychological resistance and conformability are required. The morphology is applied to get useful individual characteristic even if the pose of a hand is changed. First, a hand image is captured using the transmitted lighting. Next, the wrist area is removed from the hand area. The pattern spectrum that represents the form of the hand area is measured by the morphological analysis, and the spectrum is normalized to the invariant pattern to the scale change. Finally, the certification of an individual is performed by the neural network. The experimental results show that the sufficient accuracy to certificate individuals was obtained by the proposed system.
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  • Satoshi Kunimitsu, Hajime Asama, Kuniaki Kawabata, Taketoshi Mishima
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 480-488
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It proposes two expanding techniques for template matching to detect the specific object under the outdoor environment. The edge image is used under the outdoor environment so far. The first technique is that the template converts the edge image into the binary edge image. And the template of the binary edge image is matched to an unknown edge image. The second technique is template matching considered the weight of the template of the binary edge image. They become robust for the change in the edge image compared with template matching between the edge images under the outdoor environment.
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<Control and Measurement>
  • Yajima Naoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 489-494
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper proposes a design method for the real order phase lead-lag compensator to control the controlled object having a higher order lag element and a dead time. In this method, a reference model of very simple open-loop transfer function is introduced. A close relation between the resonance peak Mp of frequency response and the overshoot of the response to unit step input is shown in this model. The desgin procedure which makes the frequency characteristics of the objected open-loop system close as precisely as possible to one of the reference model is presented. The frequency chracteristics of objected system are designed to satisfy the specifid quantities such as phase margin, value of Mp and gain margin. The condition that the gain-phase plot of the open-loop system is tangent to the constant M locus in the Nichols chart is treated especially. By this method, the overshoot of the step response to reference input is able to consider to be the specification in stead of the resonance peak Mp. Finally, the effectiveness of the design method is approved by examples.
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  • Kousaka Takuji, Yasuhara Yosihito, Ueta Tetsushi, Kawakami Hiroshi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 495-501
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In previous work(1), we proposed a control method of the chaotic attractor in the non-autonomous systems and stabilized the unstable periodic orbits observed in the Duffing’s equation. Our method can be used as a general technique for controlling chaos, however, the control function was not demonstrated in the laboratory experiments. With this in mind, in this paper, we consider the experimental control of the chaotic behavior in the circuit model, called the forced BVP oscillator. The pole assignment for the corresponding discrete system derived from such a non-autonomous system via Poincaré mapping works effectively, and the control unit is easily realized by the window comparator, sample-hold circuits, and so on. In particular, we try to stabilize the unstable 1 and 3-periodic orbits in the chaotic attractor in the numerical and experimental simulations.
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<Robotics>
  • Manabu Kariya, Takuya Kamano, Takashi Yasuno, Takayuki Suzuki, Hironob ...
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 502-508
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper, the realization of cooperative knowledge for a catching problem of multiple hunter robots and an escaping target is considered. To achieve successful catching, a pincer attack movement between two hunter robots is introduced as the basic cooperation strategy. The pincer attack movement of each hunter robot is described by the fuzzy rules. The fuzzy rules are tuned by genetic algorithm that the hunter robots can realize the pincer attack formation. Furthermore, the indirect approach is discussed in which the tuned fuzzy pincer attack rules are only applied to the nearest pair among the multiple hunter robots. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the suitable cooperative movement among the robots is realized and the proposed cooperation scheme is effective to the catching problem.
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<Neural Network, Fuzzy and Chaos Systems>
  • Ayaki Kiyuna, Hiroshi Kinjo, Kunihiko Nakazono, Tetsuhiko Yamamoto
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 509-519
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In this paper, we propose a design method for neurocontrollers (NCs) evolved by a genetic algorithm (GA) for the backward movement control of multitrailer truck systems. The difficulty of the backward movement control depends on the number of connected trailers. In order to search for the best NCs for the multitrailer systems, we propose a step-up training method. The step-up training sequence is as follows. First, the initial NCs, that are set to random values, are trained for an easy control object. Second, the set of NCs is trained for more difficult control objects. In this study, firstly, the initial NCs are trained for a two-trailer-connected truck system, secondly the NCs are trained for a three-trailer system, and finally the NCs are trained for a four-trailer system. The step-up training method is able to advance NCs which can successfully control multitrailer systems. The simulation results show that the step-up training method is useful for multitrailer systems.
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  • Bancha Charumporn, Michifumi Yoshioka, Toru Fujinaka, Sigeru Omatu
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 520-525
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Conventional fire detecting systems lack the ability to detect fire in the early stages since they trigger the alarm by the high density of smoke or the high air temperature. In this paper, a new electronic nose (EN) system is proposed as an alternative way to detect various sources of fire from the burning smells. The EN is added with a mechanism to reduce the effect of the temperature and the humidity. Consequently, the time series data from the same smell in every repetition data are highly correlated. We have selected only a single data from each source of smell that has the highest average similarity index (SI) value to be a training data for the error back-propagation neural networks (BPNN). Generally, the time series data can be used as the input data for the BPNN directly. However, it will consume a lot of time for training due to the huge dimensional data. A new method called slope max mean (SMM) is applied to reduce the dimension of the input data. By using the SMM data, the training time is reduced and the overall classification rate of 99.8% is achieved which shows the high feasibility to apply the EN as a precision fire detecting system.
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  • Takeshi Iwashita, Yuuichi Nakanishi, Masaaki Shimasaki
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 526-532
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present paper deals with parallelization of ICCG method. A reordering (parallel ordering) technique is one of typical parallel processing techniques of ICCG method. While several parallel orderings have been proposed, the block red-black ordering that is proposed by the authors is relatively new ordering. This ordering method has advantages in convergence rate and in synchronization costs, and its effectiveness was confirmed in a preliminary numerical test for 2-d finite difference analyses. In the present paper, this method is enhanced for 3-d finite difference analyses, which require more computational efforts than 2-d analyses. We here describe the details of the implementation procedure of the block red-black ordering in 3-d analyses. Numerical tests for a 3-d partial differential equation problem are performed. It is shown that 3-d block red-black ordering method attains high parallel efficiency due to fast convergence and effective use of data cache.
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<System Engineering>
  • Toshiaki Endo, Reiko Tanaka, Eitaro Aiyoshi
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 533-541
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Synchronization in biological systems, such as synchronized luminosity of fireflies and synchronization of cardiac cells, is realized by interactions among oscillators with pulse signals. These systems with pulse signal couplings are called pulse-coupled oscillators. This paper analyses the synchronization of bi-directional pulse-coupled oscillators. Extending an analysis method of ring arrayed uni-directional pulse-coupled oscillators with the integrate-and-fire model, we show various synchronization patterns in bi-directional coupling oscillators, and analyze their stabilities. Moreover, numerical simulation shows the relationships between the spacial symmetry of the system and synchronization patterns.
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  • Yoshio Ichida, Kunio Matsumoto, Michiko Makino, Hiroaki Tanaka
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 542-549
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    From an investment or long-term point of view, it is important to grasp the values of power units. The biggest difference between regulated and deregulated industry is price volatilities which leads to the volatilities of value. As is already known, power unit can be considered to be an option which actually means we can get high benefit from high volatility. Firstly, we introduce a basic idea to evaluate the values of power units in chapter2, 3. In chapter 4, we show some figures to explain the affection of the base price curve to the unit value. Then, we mention the sensibilities of power unit’s parameters.
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  • Azuma Ide, Keiichiro Yasuda
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 550-557
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper points out that meta-heuristics should have not only robustness and adaptability to problems with different structure but also adjustability of parameters included in their algorithms. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), whose concept began as a simulation of a simplified social milieu, is known as one of the most powerful optimization methods for solving nonconvex continuous optimization problems. Then, in order to improve adjustability, a new parameter is introduced into particle swarm optimization on the basis of the Proximate Optimality Principle (POP). In this paper, we propose adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization and the effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed approach are demonstrated on simulations using some typical nonconvex optimization problems.
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  • Nobuhiro Sawai, Kazusuke Maenaka, Sunao Ioku, Takayuki Hujita, Yoichir ...
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 558-563
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We report a driving and movement detection system for a micro vibratory gyroscope with double gimbal structure. The gyroscope has two-coils on its outer and inner-gimbals and the inner-gimbal is vibrated by the electromagnetic force. Our system drives inner-coil and simultaneously detects the vibration of the inner-gimbal by time shared control. The system includes a PLL loop with an over-tone oscillator and PLD for achieving time-shared driveing/detection scheme. The system showed good characteristics for angular rate detection.
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  • Yasue Sasaki, Yukinori Suzuki, Takayuki Miyamoto, Junji Maeda
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 564-569
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Self-organizing tree (S-TREE) models solve clustering problems by imposing tree-structured constraints on the solution. It has a self-organizing capacity and has better performance than previous tree-structured algorithms. S-TREE carries out pruning to reduce the effect of bad leaf nodes when the tree reaches a predetermined maximum size (U), However, it is difficult to determine U beforehand because it is problem-dependent. U gives the limit of tree growth and can also prevent self-organization of the tree. It may produce an unnatural clustering. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for pruning algorithm that does not require U. This algorithm prunes extra nodes based on a significant level of cluster validity and allows the S-TREE to grow by a self-organization. The performance of the new algorithm was examined by experiments on vector quantization. The results of experiments show that natural leaf nodes are formed by this algorithm without setting the limit for the growth of the S-TREE.
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<Software and Information Processing>
  • Matsumoto Kunio, Ichida Yoshio, Makino Michiko, Tanaka Hiroaki
    2004 Volume 124 Issue 2 Pages 570-575
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2004
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As the deregulation of electric business proceeds, it is important to analyze the distributions of prices in the power market. In this paper, we analyze the nodal prices of the PJM market, which is representative of power markets in the US. First, we verify Weibull’s property of the distribution of nodal prices. Then we verify Poisson’s property of the interval of loss process.
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