This study focuses on the effect of the difference between two reading styles, scrolling and paging, for understanding a larger volume of contents than that can be displayed on a computer screen at once. This kind of investigation should contribute for clarifying the ideal design of readable and convenient electronic paper. Understanding levels of subjects were evaluated with correct answer rates to simple questions and time consumptions for reading and answering. The paging style showed better performances for both on correct answer rates and time consumptions. These results indicate that page construction contributes to understanding levels of comprehension task for a large volume of contents. This indication should be considered as an important guideline for designing readable and convenient electronic papers.

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A Speed-up method for the modeling of magnetic brush in a two-component development system by using Discrete Element Method was proposed in this paper. The effects of cutoff distance for magnetic force between carrier particles on the brush shape and its calculation time was conducted. The number of particles in a brush increased with increasing the cutoff distance and mean number of brushes in a development nip decreased. The magnetic brush became large under relative cutoff distance L_cutoff<5.0 (L_cutoff=R_ij/(r_i+r_j)). Thus, L_cutoff should be more than 5.0. The cutoff distance affected not only shape of magnetic brushes, but also calculation speed. A new calculation method of magnetic force, which was considering only neighboring particles (R_ij/(r_i+r_j)<L_d) at every step, was proposed. It was found that the brush shape under L_d=2.5 was mostly same as that of conventional method. The calculation time of new method was 8.7 times faster than conventional one under L_cutoff=7.0. Therefore, the calculation speed of DEM in the two-component electrophotographic system was improved and the large-scale computing will be possible.

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A halftoning method using circular cell is the method which generates finely dispersed dots. However, there were problems that the optical density is unstable and the granular noise increases in the case that this method is applied to an electrophotography, because the size of the dot is fixed in 1 pixel. These problems were solved by controlling the size of the dot according to the average value and contrast of the input value of the cell. We obtained excellent printed result using this modified method in comparison with AM screen method.

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Communications by means of the image are the advanced cultures that only the human being has been possessing. For the purpose to support this culture, camera was invented as a means to leave images, then a lot of technological innovations have been applied on it.
Among these innovations, Digital still camera (DSC) that had been born in Japan in 1988 is an epoch-making equipment that brought a big change for the position of the camera from a chemical equipment into an electronic information equipment.
DSC has been expanding its market places taking advantages of progress of necessary fundamental technologies and change of environmental conditions. It can be enumerated as one of the factors which promoted this rapid launch of DSC that the industry was almost unified to employ the international standard format “Exif/DCF" which had been developed by Japan and provided consumers with situation to choose DSCs without hesitation avoiding unnecessary competition between different standards.
Here shown a brief historical view of the DSC from its birth till now, then technologies that supported the progress of DSCs is described. Also the outline of Exif/DCF is described along with the purpose and content of the revision which had been applied on both Exif and DCF. In addition, technical view on DSC and various problems which surround DSC are described.

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Fundamental performance and key technologies of image sensors featured for digital still cameras' operation are picked up and described in the report. It focused into the technologies how image sensors overcame year by year increasing resolution and functions for compact digital still cameras, which are not required current video cameras. CMOS image sensors' characteristics are also described in contrast to CCD image sensors, because these become to be widely used in digital single lens reflex cameras and cellular phones more than before. It discusses mainly about monitor mode and motion picture operation as necessary functions in digital still cameras, sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio as basic characteristics, operation of image sensors and coordination of image sensors to camera lens.

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Digital still camera is the electronic still camera that records the taken image data in the storage media digitally. But besides the photographic film was replaced to CCD only, the digital still camera is made with the complex technologies of the conventional camera technology (lens, AE, AF, etc.), the CCD image capturing technology, the digital signal processing technology and system control technology.
In this article I' ll mainly explain about the CCD image capturing technology and the digital processing for a digital still camera, especially.

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The Digital Single Lens Reflex camera (DSLR) has many technical features that found in comparison with the digital compact camera. These features characterize the DSLR as the high performance camera that can adapt to wide range of picture taking scene and can take high quality photographs. This article explains these features in two aspects, camera mechanism and performances. The mechanism is explained in comparison with compact type digital camera by elements composing camera. The performances include the image quality, the creativity for photographic expression and camera response.

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In recent, most recent digital cameras have the functions not only saving images into some medias compressing the files in JPEG or TIFF files not otherwise, but also saving as RAW ones. The images taken JPEG data would have saved after doing own image processing in camera into some medias compressing the files in JPEG ones. Indeed, we can't reflect your preferences to files at that time, and also it will be produced image degradation by compressing. On the other hand, RAW data is saved as “RAW” file in the literature without processing RGB image data output from image sensor. We can't see images as nothing less than RAW data, but we can see the data as the pictures only after RAW developing on your computer. We can say that most large characteristic using such RAW developing is making images reflecting your preferences and keeping high image quality.
In this report, against each entry, we will explain about image processing by RAW developing only software that high-profile in these days refer to characteristics of RAW data and merits of photographing with RAW data. Besides, we will consider about some good points you can take photographs without worrying about missing photo opportunity by taking photographs written RAW data and future potentials that RAW data hold.

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