The Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences

Compact City: Facts and Findings

[in Japanese]

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 7
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_7

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The European Model of A Compact City

The Debate of urban form in Europe and Circumstance in Japan

Kiyonobu KAIDO

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 8-17
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_8

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Central governments of EU are promoters of the compact city as the sustainable urban form.The main characters of compact city model of Europe are two;one is to minimize the emission from driving cars by land use planning and transport policy, another is not to develop natural and agricultural land for urban use.Main elements of compact city model of Europe are high density, accessibility of usual and daily services in foot distance area, hierarchy of local area, development mainly in brown fields, reduction of car using, combination land use planning with transportation and environmental planning, clear urban boundary and good urban design. There is compact city debate about spatially about the form, how to implementation and effectiveness in Europe. Recently, the concern about compact city concept goes to wide in politician of Japanese municipalities, and they have made some city master plans by using concept of compact cities. But cases of implementations of the policies are few.

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Compact City and Land Use Planning

Takashi NAKAMURA

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 18-24
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_18

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The aim of this paper is to consider land use planning in relation to realizing compact city.I investigate the data of 23 prefectural capital cities about population density, urban form, commercial distribution, and private car dependence from the point of view of compact city and point out comparatively compact cities in the 23 cities.In addition, the aspects of land use planning such as urbanization promotion area zoning, land use zoning, land readjustment project, and so on that have effects on molding compact city are investigated.After these investigation, I suggest some ideas about land use planning to realize compact city under the existing Japanese land use planning system.

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Compact City considering the Interrelation between FAR and Traffic Flow

Akinori MORIMOTO

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 25-32
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_25

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Recently, thecompact city has been espoused as a concept for sustainability.Although higher density development increases the effectiveness of public transport, a densely built city may cause the hard road congestion, which induces more energy consumption for urban travel. This paper focuses on the environmental impact caused by compactness in terms of the interrelation between Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and traffic flow. Asincreasing FAR in city center give rise to road congestion as well as promotion of transit, there would be some different ways in auto dependent city and transit-oriented city. Especially, where density of the city is categorized in 20-50persons perhectare, traffic strategies should be fully considered to realize the compact city.

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Residential Demand Management for Urban Consolidation

Considering Real Estate Market

Mamoru TANIGUCHI

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 33-38
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_33

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Urban consolidation becomes important keyword for the filed of urban planning from the sustainable point of view.Contrary, many researches and policies have used this word only superficially until now. This study focuses in the notion of urban consolidation from following four points. 1) Potential of residential demands for urban consolidation. 2) The effect by urban consolidation to reduce gasoline consumption. 3) Environmental quality of the inside and the outside of the consolidated urban area.4) Providing the guideline for urban consolidation in the scale of residential projects.
Findings from each section are following.. 1) Residential demands will not become large enough to cover the consolidated urban areas in all cities. 2) Urban consolidation is not only one method to reduce gasoline consumption. 3) It is not easy to introduce urban consolidation from reasons concerning local environmental quality. 4) The new guideline could be developed that shows possible paths to improve each residential project.
In conclusion, it is suggested that new method for Residential Demand Management (RDM) should be introduced to realize effective urban consolidation.

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Mathematical Model of A Compact Rectangular City

Short-Termand Long-Term Trip Efficiencies with Respect to Population Growth

Osamu KURITA

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 39-48
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_39

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In this article, we consider the proportion of a rectangular city consisting of buildings which locate on dense lattice points in a square region. Each travelling route is suposed to consist of vertical route in building (s) and recti-linear route on the surface of the earth. The study is to find the shapes of the city which minimizes three values:(i) the average;(ii) the variance;(iii) the maximum value, of travelling time of office workers. For a many-to-many uniform trip pattern and many-to-one uniform trip patterns, the optimal proportions are derived.And then, we will formulate the optimal proportion model associated with population growth. This model is to explain the difference between a short-term and long-term optimizations, which has been one of the main issues in urban planning.

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The Compact City Policy in The Netherlands

Michiko INAGAKI

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 49-55
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_49

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The compact city policy in The Netherlands is more a shared concept among land-use, transportation and environmental policies than a concrete and systematized policy. It strongly reflects the country's long history of planning and the concensus to avoid urban sprawl in maintaining cultural identitiy of each municipality.
The 20 years' experience of the policy revealed dilemmas between the spatial planning and the environmental policies: As compact urbanization requires new sites in the built-up area, sometimes the sites which do not meet the environmental standards of, for example, sound, odour or soil contamination levels have to be selected.To solve this problem, the “Towns and the Environment Approach” was developed: In short if the project could improve the overall living environment, the standard might be relaxed.
Although the policy seems to be successful in avoiding the sprawl, car-use has not been reduced as anticipated even with efforts to enforce the modal shifts to public transportations and bicycle-use. Among the efforts, the ABC location policy is well-known as an instrument of controling both land-use and traffic demand.
Careful consideration is necessary before concluding that the compact city is sustainable and in applying the compact city concept to Japan.

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Compact City as a policy, and its implementation in some Japanese Cities

Kazuo KOIDE

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 56-63
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_56

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In Japan, many cities are interested in Compact City or its implementations of the ‘Compact City’.There are several reasons why Japanese cites tend to prefer the concept, about these circumstances, brief comment are pointed out in this paper., And how they are trying to adopt the concept in City Plan, description on two cities, Fukui City and Sendai City as examples.Japanese cities started its effective adaptation. 2000th amendments of City Planning Act can realize it, but not. We have problems, at 21st century, how Japanese cities can make future vision or strategy. For Compact City, or to be a city ‘compact’, we should exam our land use system, and we must try to have two new implementations. One is combination planning between land-use and traffic. And second is consideration on the local rule (in other word it is by-lows of cities) for city planning, such as land-use or building-codes.

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Burial Space in the Urban Planning Context

Shunichi WATANABE

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 64-68
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_64

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Some Thoughts on Former Site of Crematory

Katusuke ASAKA

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 69-73
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_69

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

2001 Volume 15 Issue 3 Pages 74-77
Published: October 29, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: June 15, 2011

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5736/jares1985.15.3_74

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