Traffic congestion is one example of externality, which is caused by the fact that a driver does not need to compensate other drivers for additional discomfort that the driver creates. The optimal traffic density can be achieved by imposing traffic tariffs. Some foreign cities have already introduced peak road pricing system (e. g. Singapore, London) in order to regulate traffic volume in metropolitan areas. Some people claim that floor-area ratio regulations are intended for mitigating traffic congestions, however this is completely a contradiction. By lowering floor-area ratio, less people can utilize more productive area of the cities and thus economically inefficient and losing benefits from agglomeration economy (positive externality, e. g. information spillover among financial institutions). The best solution for congestion problems in the metropolitan area is to impose tariff and devote tariff revenue to enlarge the capacity for mass transportation (e. g. to construct bypasses to highways or additional rails to the current railroads) in order to further mitigate the congestion.

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This paper discusses the railroad transportation and imposing congestion charge on commuters. We survey how progress the urbanization over the Japanese economic growth, and the expansion of a metropolitan area depend on the railroad transportation. However, it is known that market failure can happen if the externalities exist in network industries such as railroading. In consideration of the economic meanings for the congestion phenomenon in the market of traffic, we show that it needs to price the peakroad to internalize the external diseconomy by commuter congestion. Finally, we discuss the effectiveness of congestion charge according to time zone on household and firm behavior.

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For the purpose of reducing travelling time loss and environmental impact, the urban road pricing projects to control traffic jam are diffusing in Asian and European cities. Also some of the EU nations are starting toll collection from the cargo vehicles on highway. And in USA, the projects of converting the HOV lane to the HOT lane are expanding promoted by the Federal Government for road pricing pilot projects. Through these projects, pricing schemes have been more elaborated and toll collection technology has been rapidly progressed.
Introducing urban road pricing is one of the challenges today for Japanese cities. Case studies on these projects in foreign countries reveal the strategy to introduce it, which includes the enactments of legal bases for local governments to collect toll and the adjustment of the financial resource system that taxes on gasoline for road construction.

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In Japan, there are feasibility research and trial implementations of road pricing system. Tokyo Metropolitan Government surveyed the feasibility of road pricing system in 2001. The report revealed the cost and effectiveness of four case studies in the center of Tokyo. In addition, Metropolitan Expressway Company Limited and Hanshin Expressway Company Limited have implemented trials of road pricing system since 2001. The road pricing system is classified as environmental road pricing system because the system was introduced to improve environmental condition of the areas along the expressways. However, the results of the trials have not produced sufficient evidence for improvement of it so far.
On the other hand, ETC (Electric Toll Collection system) has been used more commonly on expressways in recent years. For example, while only 0.9% of drivers used ETC in December 2001, over 50% of drivers use expressway and especially, over 60% of drivers use Metropolitan Expressway with ETC at the moment. As a result, it may improve the effectiveness of the trials.
Moreover, since some countries such as Germany and US have experimented tolling system with GPS, it seems to be worthwhile considering as one of tolling systems.
In addition, it is necessary to investigate road pricing system as measures for global warming which is current urgent task.

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The Peak Road Pricing System is an innovative approach to deal with economic externalilties caused by heavy traffic in the urban area. While several local governments are considering seriously to introduce the system, they do not have an effective measure for collecting the levy. The Local Government Autonomy Act should be amended so as to authorize local governments to make compulsory collection.

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Land held for development for commercial purpose ought to be acquired through public opening sales method for national land use right in China since 2002. In this paper, we arranged the main content of the said sales method (Competition and Auction), the mechanism of construction securing for public facilities in development project, and the state of achievement of the said sales method in Tianjin. Furthermore, through specific cases, we considered this public opening sales system from the views of construction securing of public facilities and development business profitability, and point out the problems. The purpose of this report is to search directions to improve the present public opening sales system of national land use right in the future.

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