The purpose of this report is to clarify what caused the death or survival of the residents in wooden houses during the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster, through the case study in Toshima, Hokudan based on the Structural damages of wooden houses and on the life-styles and reactions of the residents to sudden shaking. The results are summarized as follows: The causes of the inhabitants' survival or death were interpreted through a flow chart.The phases of occurrcnce of inhabitant's death were roughly divided into two categories; how the house was damaged and h ow their lives were threatened. The most important keywords related to survivals of inhabitants are repairs of old houscs, immediate rescues, and existence of materials to make effective spaces for escape such as fumiture.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of reconstructed houses from the viewpoint of the comparison between rebuilt houses and repaired houses by the attribute of residents. The main results of analysis are as follows; the averaged ground floor space of rebuilt houses are smaller than that of the previous houses, however the averaged total space of rebuilt houses are larger than that of the previous houses. Almost all house-owners are dependent on the various debts for the reconstruction of houses, which are different from each other by the age and occupations of them. It is very difficult for the elderliness, especially who have no occupations, to reconstruct their houses due to the difficulty to borrow money.

This paper examined the impact of building damaged in the community as a whole upon the responses about housing issues of the victims of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster.Applying GIS to the 1999 Hyogo random sampling survey data, responses of 492 respondents were analyzed partially in comparison with the percentage of fully-damaged buildings in the community as a whole, we found that responses of disaster victims were determined the reality of their individual housing damage, and that of building damaged in the community as a whole. lt is suggested that disaster response and recovery activities shoud take into account. The differences in the need of disaster victims depending on the difference in the severities of building damaged in the community as a whole.

Two hypotheses were formed by the previous study with regard to 1) the existence of seven life recovery tasks and 2) their structure. The seven life recovely tasks include Housing, Social Support Network, Land Use Plalnning, Physical and Mental Health, Social lnfrastructure and Preparedness, Govemment Assistance Policy, and Economic/Financial Situation. 551 respondents provided open-ended opinions. 1,799 opinions were classified based on the seven elements scheme, which accounted for 85.2% of the total opinions. Rank order of the seven elements corresponded with the hypothesized task structure. The extemal validity of the scheme as well as their structure were discussed based on the current findings.

In this study 'mentl health care in time of disasterʼ is interpreted as 'to help victms find their own capabilities，become aware of circumstances they are in, and get rehabilitated on their own by utilizing their own resources. This shows that what is neccessary in time of disaster is not only taking care of the victims' mental and emotional aspects such as trauma, but also dealing with what is most needed as a whole, mentally, materially and informationwise. Therefore, this study tries to propose a 'Mental Health Care Training Manual'.

New type disaster will occur at urban area when Nankai earthquake tsunami or flood inundation follows inland earthquake as compound and widely damage ddisaster. In this paper, we proposed some damage scenarios and their loss reduction method. Especially, underground space in flood-prone area will be inundated with flooding due to tsunami and river flood. Some countermeasures facilitated by local governments are effective but social vulnerability has increased. Never-experienced damage enlargement scenarios will come under compound disasters. Soft-countermeasures have to be prepared to reduce human casualties.

In the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake, residential retain structures and fills were severely damaged. Hence, many criteria are revised as to retrofit, including geotechnical subjects. However, there is lack in arguments about snow hazards, whereas such circumstances are very terrible. The authors treat case of snow disasters and geotechnical hazards，analytical results of questionnaire survey whom concerned municipal officers, related snow disasters and perspective on retrofit of geotechnical structures. Finally, we invcstigated criteria that is published and scrutinized prospect of certification on residential retain structures next stage.

This paper presents an estimation model for the restoration time of high voltage distribution line, Restoration time records are collected, which are associated with high voltage distribution lines damaged by existing four earthquakes. The multiple linear regression analysis is applied to investigating key parameters to estimate the restoration time. The proposed model makes use of on-line data called "CARRIER" such as on and off switch conditions on electric power system in order to reduce uncertainty for the estimation. Finally, The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model is discussed while compared with existing models.

In this paper, the validity of the method to estimate damaged area using DMSP/OLS (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/ Optical Linescan System night-time imagery developed by our research group (Hayashi et al, 2000). OLS mounted on the DMSP satellites captures city lights distribution reflecting extent of human activity. The area shows significant decrease of light intensity after the earthquake compared with before the event is estimated as impacted area in the DMSP method. We compared the actual damage with estimated damaged area of Marmara earthquake in Turkey(1999) and of Hanshin-Awaji earthquake(1995) based on the DMSP method. As a result, it is clarified the DMSP method can detect various kinds of damages rather than only severe housing damages.

The Early Damaged Area Estimation System (EDES) is proposed to support emergency response in a disaster. EDES provides the geographic information of possible impacted areas within 24 hours after an earthquake on the Internet. The estimation method is based on the detection of significant reductions or loss of lights in nighttime imagery observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). Noise in suburban areas and cloud influence in a pre-event image are addressed by using a cloud-free stable lights image derived from a time series of OLS observations. Appropriate geographic information is discussed to support relief activities and to contribute a reduction in the digital divide problem in global disaster management activities.

Crisis management for highway network is very important immediate after a strong earthquake. This paper presents the area control scheme for traffic on the cross sectional line(screenline) of highway network in the affected area. The framework and analyzing model including traffic generation/attraction, traffic distribution, traffic assignment and the network evaluation are developed. For several types of traffic control, their effbcts are studied for various OD flow patterns. The result indicates the proposed traffic control is very effective depending on the control site and the level of the control.

The City of Fukuoka suffered great damage from the heavy rains in July 29th 1999. Peculiarity of this disaster was that underground space was flooded and this caused death. Disaster prevention planing in underground space was not enough. In closed space as underground shopping street, human behavior during evacuation is confused. For safe and quick evacuation, it is important to make rational disaster prevention planing based on the prediction of human behaviors. In this research, human behaviors during evacuation in Teijin underground shopping street were simulated using Cellar Automata. Applicability of this method was discussed in this paper.

This paper describes the overtuming critelia of rigid bodies under an earthquake excitation. At first, we re-arranged the state and transition conditions for the motion of 3-D rigid body and gave the formulations in order to analyze the motion numerically. The modes of the motion are classified into six types; rest, slide, rocking, slide rocking, translation jump and rotation jump. An effect of input ground motion on the overtuming of the rigid body is investigated by changing the amplitude and the frequency of input accelerations and velocities. Finally, we proposed the criteria of the overtuming for the given input acceleration amplitude and velocity amplitude.

Building damage due to the 1995 Kobe Earthquake was extracted using aerial photographs. The result was compared with that of ground surveys to examine the applicability of aerial photo-interpretation. It was recognized that the damage interpretation using aerial photographs for the area of wooden buildings is effective for identifying "collapse'' and 'Iseveredamage''. It is particularly effective in identifying collapsed buildings, since the difference in the results due to different interpretation methods and that due to different interpreters were small. Since the aerial photographs were taken at an right angle to the ground surface, the recognition of minor damage and damage to side walls and columns was difficult.

After the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake, highly valuable data about building damage were obtained by several coordinated damage surveys. In order to improve the accuracy of fragility curves for buildings, it is important to utilize the building damage data from this earthquake. In this paper, the fragility curves for buildings considering detailed characteristics of buildings were constructed based on the damage survey data of Nishinomiya City Govemment compiled for the purpose of property tax reduction. The fragility curves considering the structural type and construction period were developed using the damage data and the estimated distribution of strong motion indices. It was identified that each fragility curve reflects the actual situation of buildinq damage.

Building damage assessments have significant roles in disaster relief system in Japan. Three large-scale damage assessments were conducted in the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster as follows: 1) Initial damage estimation for applying Disaster Relief Law, 2) Building safety evaluation for protecting human life and 3) Housing damage assessment for Victim Certificate. These assessments, which were conducted by public sector, have much influenced to the victims. Therefore, it is important to study the appropriate categories for effective damage assessment. We analyze assessment categories picked out from various building damage surveys for wooden structures and clarify a correlation between damage assessment purpose and category.

In recent years,it is required that cost benefit analysis of public work projects for efficient public investment.The effects of disaster reduction have not only improvements of earthquake-proof performance but also decreasing of death roll,increasing of reassurance for disaster and so on.It seems that CV(Contingent Valuation)method is useful to measure these effects of disaster redustion.However there are few Studies for mesuring effects of disaster reduction with CV.The objectives of this study is to find some problems and knowledges in mesuring them with CV.

For effective and adequate emergency responses immedeately after earthquakes,it is necessary under munipal cooperation to grasp accurate damage information at an early stage.With intent to accelerate amassing damage information in municipal unit,this paper analyses how much the factors influence the speed of accumulating materials on damage.The results in this analysis proved that the effective learning from the post-disasters accelerate the amassing speed of damage information,while the amount of damage decelerate.These results will come in useful to improve the earthquake damage protection planning on disaster information amassment for municipalities.

Three-storied wooden housings has been increasing in the built-up areas after the amendment of building codes imposed on them.The vulnerability of urban area with these housings under an earthquake has to be known for disaster mitigation planning purposes.This study aims to clarify factors which explain the reasons why these type of housings are constructing in the built-up area.Consequently,the three-storied wooden housings are built to accommodate big families on a dwelling unit,which built on small lot areas.If the characteristics of the area are considered,families who had enough budgets for reconstruction and who moved in after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake built three-storied wooden housings.

The resident should smoothly evacuate after an official warning during severe disaster as a flood disaster.The purpose of this paper is to analyze quantitatively what behaviors do resident take when they receive flood disaster warning and proposes the ideal way of the disaster waming in the future.The field survey was conducted at Mino City,Gihu Prefecture in October,1999. The Quantitative Analysis Type Ⅱand the Ordered-logi Model were used to analyze evacuation factors and attempted to apply it for model of intial evacation behaviors.

On the 1948 Fukui earthquake,which is one of the most disasterous in-land earthquakes in Japan,different damage statistics and damage maps of wooden houses have been reported.The damage statistics data of the earthquake are compiled and examined.The difference of the data comes mainly from the different definitions of the damage.Using several kinds of the Statistical data,with adjsutment to the common structural damage index,the more reliable damage map of the earthquake is drawn The obtained damage map indicates that the area with higher damage ratios spreads to the southeast part of the Fukui plain,compared with the damage map proposed by Takeyama ct al.(1951).

Dunig the first week immediately after the Taiwan Earthquake in 1999,the Taiwanese Authority has formulated a series of policy guidelines as well as concrete countemeasures on disaster response.The authority has adopted"top-down"approach.The top policy makes paid much attention to the situation of disaster afftected sites and continued thei field visits."Formulation of policy guidelines"Concrete countemeasures"and"Field visits by decision makers"were closely linked to address needsp promptly and flexibly in the sites.The Taiiwanese Authonity's approach can be considered one of lessonsn in response to the chaos caused by any big disasters in future.

This study makes a proposal of measures for regional medical treatments speedy and efficient after an earthquake disaster.Regional medical potential in this study is defined;possibility that we go according to disaster prevention plan for medical treatmemt normality;regional medical ability that wounded persons can have treated properly.First of all,evaluation items are decided to judge regional medical potential,next hospital's characteristics in Thurumi-ku area are understood by the evaluation item.This study is made a proposal that we a few base hospitals for earthquake disaster are selected and that regional medical potential in Thurumi-ku area is improved,in conclusion

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake brought many kinds of lessons-learned on the emergency response organizations such as prefecture governments in Japan.One of these lessons-learned is the improvement of emergency drill.So,the purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate emergency drill items in prefectural government after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.A methodology to evaluate the emergency drill items was made to achieve this purpose.This evaluation process was conducted by using both the Analytic Hierarchy Process:AHP and two types of questionnaires.

This paper provides socioeconomic rehabilitation index(RI)to monitor constantly and objectivery the victim's life recovery process under large earthquake disaster using various official statistics.Usually,as each of the data have different range of variation and different unit,it is necessary to use standardized data(Si)based on the concept of PLI(People's Life Indicators)which is proposed by the Economic Planning Agency.The RI is defined as difference between the actual data(Si,.x.I)after the disaster and the hypothetical data(Sio.x.I)which would have been achieved in case there is no disaster.By appling this method to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster in Kobe City,we could find 6 recovery patterns after the event.

Typhoon 9918 landed in Ube City facing the Setonaikai Sea on 24 September 1999 and caused very high storm surges of 349cmT.P. Yamaguchi University hospital located along the Majimegawa River suffered severe inundation with its basements completely filled with salty water.Upward velocity of inundated water in basement is estimated with parameters of water rising velocity in the ground level.Effects of lifeline utility damage such as water,electricity,gas,telephone and computer networks are reviewed and emergency response are examined to derive lessons of this serious disaster and to make hospitals more prepared against flooding and other disasters so that they can cope with possibly incoming mass casualties in case of such disaster.

It is necessary to match what rescue shuold be and each regional characteristics in order for inhabitants to rescue person buried alive from collapse buildings effectively from case of Hanshin-Awaji great earthquake first,it makes clear about rescue step and problems of rescue from firehouses in hanshin area.Then to make a questionnaire survey about community and so on against inhabitants in Kanagawa prefecture,the results reach to classify survey area in Kanagawa prefecture into 3 areas from the point of view of consciousness about dlsaster prevention,community and understanding of danger.

In order to assess the seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete(RC)buildings or determine the need for seismic strengthening,a method to evaluate seismic risk is proposed.The method uses results of seismic performance evaluation of an existing building and is based on damage data from the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu,Kobe earthquake.In this paper,the damage ratio functions detelmined for rthe Kobe earthquake are transformed into fragility functions,which give damage probabilities associated with the second seismic performance index Is.Then,using the fragility functions and loss data,we demonstrate the effectiveness of seismic strengthening of RC buildings by showing expected loss maps for the Kanto earthquake of 1923.

This paper addresses disaster management for housing.The measures against housing damage after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster were first classified.This paper focuses on mitigation,which is essential measure for disaster management.The success and limitations of building codes as mitigation measure are clarified by case study of Nishinomiya City.The variable of measurement for mtigation are also examined.The following facts were acquired in this paper:(1) Though the building codes are effective to reduce the risk of the dmage,the management of building code did not work well.(2)In engineered building,the amendment in 1981 was effective to reduce the rate of moderate damage.(3) Information dissemination system for building safety has been improved after Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster.

It is not easy to select the most effective earthquake disaster prevention countenneasures under various conditions,and it has done by a subjective judgement of the person in charge of disaster prevention.It is requested that a new method to assist a local govemment and an enterprise in decision-making should be established.In this research,a decision-making support method using Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP,is developed,that helps to prioritize earthquake disaster prevention countenneasures based on results of the seismic risk assessment for an area.As a case study the developed method is applied to selecting the most effective countermeasures of aseismic strengthening of school buildings.It is concluded that the present methodology using AHP is effective for a decision-making support.

This is a methodological study for building an estimational method of recovery demands after the earthquake.The estimation of recovery demands is necessary to prepare the restoration planning before the occurence of disaster.In this study,on the results of the Damage Estimation Research on the Earthquake which focus is directly below Tama area of Tokyo,we take a questionare survey to estimate the capacity of relief bases,temporary housing,and publichousing as the permanent houses.The main results of this study are as fallows;a method of questionare survey on the altematives for housing behaviour is useful for estimate demands of verious sheltering and housing according to damage degree by earthquake,and we can find the gap between demands and supplies through the comparison both the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake Disaster and the demands estimated in this method.

The disaster ethnography is recognized as one of the important research method for analyzing the disaster process. However,the standardized procedure for developing disaster ethnography has not been established yet.The standardized procedure consists four methodologies,which are interview,case compilation,coding case,and disaster process identification.This paper presents these methodologies to establish the standardized procedure for developing disaster ethnography.And an example analysis is carried out for the case of 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster.