In the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake,many railway facilities sustained severe damage. Totally thirty-two railway bridges collapsed, eight of which occurred along the San’yo express line. Accidents such that trains fell into a collapsed part of bridge, fortunately,did not occur. A high-speed train and a mass transportation system recently are promoted,therefore the preparedness for a serious accident is inevitable. We here assumed an earthquake-induced train accident. Trains and inside passengers were modeled as 3D distinct elements and their behavior was simulated by DEM. Impact forces on human bodies were computed and damage level were discussed by Chest-G and HIC in the automobile engineering.

It is well known that the RC frame with masonry wall structure is widely distributed in the Asian Pacific region. In case of the earthquake disaster,it is often observed that this type of structure generates causality due to the collapse of the structure. This study is focusing on such structure, especially residential housings, for evaluating the seismic capability and construction process. The basic data is acquired by the interviews to the housing owners, community leaders, and construction workers.

Sagami Plain is located in the middle part of Kanagawa Prefecture where the Sagami River is flowing down from north to south direction and flow in Sagami Bay faced to Pacific Ocean. In 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake (M7 .9), this area was seriously damaged, the ratio of destroyed wooden houses was very high, 30-80%. So, we think that it’s very important to investigate the ground shaking characteristics related to surface soil structure by using microtremor measurements for the seismic disaster mitigation taking into account the evaluation of seismic wave characteristics. In this paper, we performed the spatially dense microtremor measurements in Sagami Plain and realized the distribution of predominant period and seismic microzoning considering the characteristics of surface soils.

In recent years,many cities have been suffered from flood damage frequently according to increasing of local heavy rainfall in number. It’s considered that its dominant factor is falling ability of water retentivity by urbanization. Local government has been making effort to take measures by enlarging the capacity of drainpipe and others for long time. However it’s not enough, so promoting ability of water retentivity is needed, too. But it’s seems to be difficult to change land use of present city. So, in this study, we focuson road, and changing asphalt road to permeability one. And, we tried to make clear the effect of paving permeability road on reducing of flood damage.

In order to update the GIS building inventory data which is a basic data for earthquake damage assessment, a methodology for automatic detection of newly constructed buildings from a high-resolution satellite image was proposed. The IKONOS image and the existing GIS data in Yokohama city were used in this study. The image analysis was conducted utilizing the relation between the building edges and its shadow. The result shows that the regions encompassing the edges of the target buildings were extracted. We applied the proposed method to the images in the built-up area in Yokohama city in order to examine the applicability of the method. We confirmed that almost 80% of the target buildings were detected successfully.

Three types of life recovery patterns from disaster damages, that are, recovery back to what a life used to be (recovery), reconstruction of new active life styles (reconstruction), and retreat into a depressive state (retreat), were deduced from various disaster psychological findings, and also generated from the results of a preceding questionnaire survey. To examine the validity of the typology, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 2003 in the region hit by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. The results showed that three types were differentiated clearly, and that the respondents were approximately distributed 70% for recovery, 20% for reconstruction, and 10% for retreat. The determinants and specific characteristics of these three types of victims were also investigated.

In downtown area, there are many temporary visitors for shopping, eating and drinking and others except for usual employed person. It is easy to guess that temporary visitors face difficulties to go back home due to the paralysis of the railway network after an urban earthquake. In this paper, we proposed a virtual interactive simulator named “The Earthquake Disaster Virtual System in Downtown Area”And we assessed the effectiveness of this virtual system and analyzed the behavior of these temporary visitors during an urban earthquake disaster through the computer experimental studies.

The purpose of the present study was to examine attitudes toward small scale mining among people living in Itogon area, the Philippines. Although there assumes to be nearly 9,000 small scale miners in the area, the current status of the miners have not been known. This relatively large number of people involved in small scale mining has caused serious problems such as mercury contamination, environmental damage, occupational health problems, and accidents. However, attitudes toward the above mentioned problems are not clear yet. The results of a survey and an interview showed that people including small scale miners were generally positive toward small scale mining, and they underestimated risks of small scale mining activities. The implications of the results were discussed.

On the disaster prevention in local government, knowledge information (past disaster example,hazard information in local area, etc.) has been not managed effectively. This study proposes the knowledge management system for earthquake disasters that was applied the methodology of knowledge management, which has been developed in private enterprises. In this system, GIS (geographic information system) is positioned as a base system. This present paper describes the outline about development of the system.

The distribution of the peak ground velocity (PGV) in and around the Nobi basin during the 1891 Nobi earthquake (M8), which caused unprecedented damage in Japan, was evaluated. The distribution was obtained by combining several kinds of existing seismic intensity maps based on wooden house damage，land deformation, and so on, with vulnerability functions between the PGV and damage ratio of wooden houses during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nan bu earthquake. As a result, it was found that the area of seismic intensity VII (JMA scale) in which the PGV was greater than 50 cm/s extended to the northern part of the Nobi basin. The evaluated PGV distribution approximately corresponded to the PGV distribution calculated using the fault model of the Nobi earthquake obtained by Mikumo and Ando (1976) and the empirical attenuation relationship.

This paper reports that how persons of advanced age who tend to spend much time in their dwellings are at the indoor seismic risk. The authors met fourteen residents living in Sumida Ward, Tokyo, and investigated their daily life-style and spatial characteristics of their rooms, mainly furniture. Based on the information, some indoor seismic risk potential of each household and indivisual risk potential were calculated. Using these results,which depend on indivisual conditions, an efficient countermeasure against damage due to an earthquake was proposed.

Various real-time systems for estimating the strong ground motions and the earthquake damage have developed after the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake.However, it should be careful that the actual earthquake damage can be very different from the estimated damage. If we rely on only the estimated information, an appropriate emergency response may not be accomplished. On the other hand, the estimated information can be useful to locate the actual damage areas at the beginning of initial investigations. Therefore, on the basis of those ideas, we proposed the realtime system for acquiring earthquake damage information(Shibayama,et.al,2002).In this paper, we further develop the system to be flexible for various situations and carry out on-site experiments to check the effectiveness of the system.

In this paper, we introduce “Digital Nishinomiya Recovery”Project, which is a Web-GIS based attempt to create a systematic understanding of disaster response and recovery processes after the 1995 Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Disaster. As an extension of the study to accumulate a variety of data in relation to disaster as natural phenomena by EDM, we proposed a mechanism to solicit the contribution by those who have the data relevant to social response and recovery in Nishinomiya City in Hyogo Prefecture will be accumulated through internet by those who are interested in GIS based Disaster Ethnography in Nishinomiya.

The questionnaire survey on subsidies for seismic diagnosis of private housing was carried out for prefectures and major cities in Japan as of January 2003.The result revealed that 30% of prefectures and 60% of major cities have the subsidies. Though the free-of-charge system gathers more than 100 subsidy users a month, even a small burden charge influences the number of users. The law systems regarding seismic capacity evaluation are reviewed on their purposes and evaluation methods. It is pointed out that the qualified results of seismic diagnosis funded by the subsidies should be used for the discount of earthquake insurance, and the seismic performance should also be Certificated for the insurance discount after the retrofit works.

To protect human lives from earthquake disaster is essential for disaster management. In the case of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster, especially, the building completely collapsed pattern without survival space was major killer.Therefore,it is important issue that revealing of how many buildings are facing to such risk and how to treat the risk against a post-earthquake disaster. In this paper, the fragility functions reflecting building damage levels with consideration of the building characteristics are developed based on the analysis of building damage patterns using photographic images. It will be a useful tool to estimate the occurrence of completely collapsed buildings.

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake caused damages to all industries.The damage of street markets were especially serious. After the earthquake, various support prrogrmams towards restoration were adopted. Some markets communalized and rebuilt the store, then others broke up. Since retailtrade street markets are peculiar to Kansai area, a few researches were conducted on these issues after the disaster. Though some people regard them as out-of-date or ugly properties, they played important roles in their community . In this research, we investigated the reconstruction process,earthquake disaster damage, techniques of reconstruction at retailtrade markets in Kobe through interview to chair directors of market associations. This research aims to clarify main factors which are required for favorable recovery and reconstruction of retailtrade markets.

In this paper, we discuss optimum process for prevention from fire spread in urban improvement. First, we show that the problem to solve optimum process can be formulated as a discrete optimization problem to minimize the number of buildings burnt down with fire spreading path("Ensho-keiro”)network. Then, we present some heauristic solution techniques for this problem. Finally, we show that to solve the problem is useful for planning urban improvement.

When a strong earthquake hits a city, a number of fires may occur at the same time and the city would suffer huge damage by spreading fire.Therefore, it is very important for fire stations to grasp information of fire outbreaks as soon as possible and make firefighting effective. In this study, we develop a simulation system that estimates the Effects of patrolling by firefighters immediately after an earthquake. From this simulation result, a firefighter patrolling proves helpful in finding fires in early stage of fire spread and decreasing fire damages. Then, we suggest new type of measure to decrease damage from fire.

Through the experience with disaster and recovery support activities obtained as a result of the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, the information systems to be used in times of disaster must be able to adapt the following three risks: 1) hardware & infrastructure,2)database, and 3) human resources.To achieve these capabilities, we have proposed, as a concept, the Risk-Adaptive Regional Management Information System (RARMIS). Then, to actualize this concept, we have developed DiMSIS, a multi-dimensional spatial temporal information system.Here we will report on effective information processing in emergencies using a case study for the disaster drill in Nagata ward, Kobe city.

The purpose of this study is to propose the allocation system of “Disaster Application Windows" for emergency response inatitutions after an urban earthquake. So, we made two analyses on disaster application after an urban earthquake. One is the selection of quality and quantity of victims’needs based on the lessons learned from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the earthquake damage estimation. The other is the estimation of the number and the allocation of “Disaster Application Windows" in the comparison of number of applications and available windows in emergency response institutions through the Queueing Theory in case of Kita-Words,Tokyo.

Recent damaging earthquakes have clearly revealed that retrofitting low earthquake-resistant structures is the key issue for earthquake disaster reduction. In this paper, a new system and policies for the promotion of retrofitting of weaker structures are proposed The main concept of the Retrofitting Promotion System (RPS) is that the government guarantees a portion of the building repair and reconstruction expenses if retrofitting is implemented by the owner following guidelines before the earthquake and in spite of this, the structure is damaged. The effect of applying the RPS to Istanbul in Turkey was investigated on the basis of the recovery activity data after the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, Istanbul building stock data, and a hypothetical earthquake ground motion.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the number of people that can return in an emergency, on the basis of a daily activity survey placed upon the people in a suburban city. From the results of this survey, it was clarified that most of the male (under 50 years old) are located in too remote areas to reach back to their living place quickly. On the other hand, many females stay near their homes, allowing 75% of females to return to their home within three hours.

Considering immense damage on urban area by great earthquake，the idea of preparedness for urban reconstruction planning would be needed. We investigated the state of preparedness for urban reconstruction planning by local governments. We sent out a questionnaire to 260 authorities and collected 193 one. As results, those schemes or manuals are hardly made, but most of local governments agree to make a plan for preparedness.And then, we finally consider the points of the support system for pre-disaster planning.

If the Tokai, Tonankai,and Nankai earthquakes occur simultaneously in the first half of the 21th century,the damage would spread over many prefectures. It is indispensable for the prefecture governments in the impacted area, as well as the national government, to establish a standardized emergency response operation system, in order to mobilize the limited resources effectively.“The Basic plan for Disaster Prevention" compiled by the national government serves as the emergency disaster plan for the national government level, as well as the basic requirements to be complied by the emergency response plan compiled by prefecture government and municipality governments.By employing Flow-chart system as the tool for describing the plan,this paper examined the emergency management section of Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention to identify operational models to be used as the basis for a standardized emergency management system.

This study, as a case study of the regional disaster management plan of Kobe city, focused on improving the service quality of how local governments should function during the period of disaster response. This paper aims to develop a standardized procedure for emergency management response by taking the following three steps: 1) Construction of the database for emergency management manuals of Kobe city, 2) Evaluation of database by the disaster management section personnel of Kobe city, and 3) Flowchart analysis of generalization in the Plan. It was shown in this study that applying both methods, IDEFO and flowchart, achieved the goals to contain all the factors and components required in describing the activities during the disaster response.

During the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake,the supply of disaster recovery public housing was less than demands in urban area of the disaster area. In rural areas,in contrast,the supply was more than demands. The possibility of that case can’t be ignored,and we should consider the measure that contributes to efficient use of disaster recovery public housing. Therefore,this study focuses on a conditions of disaster recovery public housing location and aims to discuss about ratio of rent of urban area to rural area. We made an analysis of the structure of rent in private sector in Kobe city. Then we made proposals for a factor of facility in Public Housing Law.

Many types of social weakness live in urban areas. In the USA, variety of needs by these minorities are usually left and are called “Unmet Needs ", while governments and big NPOs provide majority of disaster victims with their standard services, which is called “Mass Care “CBOs (Community Based Organizations) provide services for the minorities in normal times. They have the possibilities of applying the services to such unmet needs. After the Northridge Earthquake in Los Angeles in 1994, ENLA (Emergency Network of Los Angeles),the network organization of CBOs, was established. While developing capacity building for CBOs to respond to disasters, ENLA has expanded its network with governments and big NPOs. We can learn valuable lessons from its contribution.

This study is based on the analysis of two panel surveys conducted in the impacted area of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 2001 and 2003. The results of the analysis clarified the secular change of the situation of the family budget 6 and 8 years after the earthquake. The major results of the panel surveys are as follows：①the degree of housing damage the respondents suffered was not the major determinant of the situation of family budget any more in the 2003 Survey, especially incomes and expenses，②the upturn in the family budget began from basic items of expenses to selective items of expenses, while the deterioration of living expenses did not have any obvious patterns.

This analysis clarified the sense of recovery living in Disaster Recovery Public Housings in Hyogo.We had four researchs for Disaster Recovery Public Housings.We analyzed mainly a questionnaire survery for residents and showed the charactarastics of the each framework of process of life reconstruction for victims, Everyday Life being Restored,Struggle for Meaning and Retreat. We examined the factors for residents’ sence of recovery by GLM and found the difference of determininant between the sense of life satisfaction and life adjustment.

In our research,we analize the operations of community of disaster restoration public housing that have on a sense of life recovery, and through the researach we examine the way the Hyogo prefecture should support the affected citizens and the validity of various measures already taken. For the research, we used the data of hearing investigations from the representatives of autonomies and a survey of questionnairs to the living in recovery housing. The data is derived from the survey conducted by the Hyogo prefecture in 2002 on community of disaster restoration public housing.

Sever storm and flood disasters were occurred by typhoons every year in Japan. Some people have been killed and injured by typhoons and heavy rainfall even if people can get information about them from a weather forecasting. Therefore, the authors developed a kind of teaching tools of typhoons disaster by using neural networks.The software simply estimate number of casualties and damage of houses by introducing a pattern matching technique because we regarded a distribution of atmospheric pressure as a kind of image pattern. We also tried to estimate damages using some typhoon data after the software had developed.

The depression of expressway caused by natural disaster or unusual weather conditions sometimes triggers much confusion in supplies' inflow. Some papers pointed out that volcanic ash-fall by Mt. Fuji’s eruption would bring serious depression of expressway network. However, industries supported by an expressway do not always preprare for an unusual road condition with correct understanding of its influence. This study, then, focused on a snowfall weather and analyzed the influence on inflow to the Metropolitan Region by the expressway depression. Daily vegetable’s inflow made us work on a quantitative study. We could find how much vegetable could not arrive on time by an expressway depression caused by snowfall.

This study aims at understanding the relationship between seismic intensity and emergency responses in municipal governments by documental and hearing surveys. For this purpose I collected written documents, sometimes together with on-site hearings at several tens of municipal governments in 3 prefectures of Tottori, Shimane and Okayama, at which significant-to-moderate damage occurred. Using those data I made various analyses to elucidate the relation of activated emergency responses to the suffered seismic intensities and reconfirmed that the seismic intensity is a key index and takes a very important role at decision-making for emergency responses. This study revealed the lineup of emergency responses under each of seismic intensity classes.

This research clarify the fluctuation of the demand for temporary housing according to dfferent time lag and land condition, on the basis of a“Community Building for Disaster Prevention”survey implemented upon Tsujidou city in 2002. In addition, HOMALS analysis with in six similar time Jag land condition groups and other questionnaire revealed that the two primary factors that effect the resident’s demand for temporary housing was the number of household and the age of the householder.

Since the revision of Basic Plan for Disaster Prevention of 1995, local governments have changed their municipal plan for disaster prevention and made their own disaster management manuals. However those manuals are not easy to use in the case of disasters because there is no unified definition among them and no useful methodology for making manuals. This paper shows problems of them and proposed a methodology of making the Disaster Management Manuals using Technical Writing Method. Also an actual Disaster Management Manual for Shinji Town, Shimane Pref. based on the methodology is introduced.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of residents in disaster restoration public housing in Hyogo by residence mobility. The date is derived from the survey conducted by the Hyogo prefecture. We analyzed mainly a questionnaire for residents and showed the characteristics of the process of life reconstruction . We examined and found relation with application frequency to housing and life adjustment.

Collecting data of housing damage, lifeline suspension, daily living disruption, and short-term sheltering in an earthquake,we developed a numerical model for estimating evacuation rates in affected areas. Data were collected in questionnaire survey conducted in seven areas affected in the 1995 Hyogo-ken-nanbu earthquake. We separately derived two models for, first, numerically evaluating the extent of daily living disruption attributed to housing damage and lifeline suspension and, second, correlating the extent of living disruption with the evacuation rate and, for completing the estimation model, combined those for connecting both housing damage and lifeline disruption with shelter need. The model was utilized in a parametric study for analyzing the nature of short-term shelter need following an earthquake.

In Japan, the government supplies temporary housing to people , whose houses are damaged due to natural disasters, and the process is demanded to be conducted quickly and simply. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the mechanism of the construction process of temporary housing which looks complicated. To do this, the authors investigated supply and construction process in case of some disasters, the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake, the Eruption of Mt. Fugen in Unzen, the Eruption of Mt. Usu, and the 2000 Tottoriken-Seibu Earthquake. Using simple 3D-chart constructed to compare these four cases, problems were cleared.

This paper aims at showing a process to calculate transport-related economic losses by the Tokai earthquake warning declaration. Technically, a spatial computable general equilibrium (SCGE) model considering two major transportation network-road and railroad-is employed, in which a short-term equilibrium is assumed as one after the warning declaration announcement. As results of the analysis, it will be found that,transport regulation can yield much economic losses, and that such losses are spread over regions. Also, the losses are computed on some scenarios of traffic network level, and compared between them.

Land use planning and management is not utilized in Japan for disaster management although it is considered one of the countermeasures and under the investigation of its applicability. Also, risk management is a rising framework for disaster management in these years. In this paper, land use planning and management method is studied to extract essential factors through the case study of Wellington City of New Zealand from the risk management perspective. Then, the land use planning method incorporating management point of view and applicable for the municipal government is developed based on the foundlings from the case study.

Planning efficient disaster countermeasures based on potential problems is a very important and useful occasion to study and understand these measures. For this purpose, it is necessary to create an environment where potential problems are: sorted out from various view points, shared by all users, and their structure and contents are analyzed and assessed. Currently used methods, such as the KJ method, are not suitable for this. Based on these points, the authors propose a new multidimensional analysis/assessment system, which assists people to understand the structure of various problems and plan efficient disaster countermeasures.

In order to mitigate damages caused by earthquakes covering wide areas,it is necessary to increase the awareness towards disaster mitigation among various stakeholders. For this to happen, it is essential for the citizens at risk to participate consistentely in decision making process for disater mitigation as a key stakeholders. Workshop method with multiple-stakeholders has been successful as an effective tool for citizen involvement. Grand KJ was proved to be a very useful methodology used in Workshops to help people increase their awareness towards issues by introducing them to clarify the problem structure under consideration. The purpose of this research is to develop an electrical supporting system for Grand KJ to make a very time-consuming process more efficient and intelligible.

The Central Disaster Management Council emphasizes on both ex-ante measures, such as retrofitting housing structures, and ex-post compensation program, such as housing reconstruction assistance. However, the latter often causes significant moral hazard that may prevent people from self-help activities. These two programs are fundamentally dilemmatic We suggest a new mechanism that can solve the dilemma by means of combining pre and post disaster measures. The fund is coverd to all families in Japan and insures them against future disasters to a certain degree. On the other hand, surplus and income gain of the fund will be invested to the mitigation of the vulnerable houses.