A procedure, to make realistic Computer Graphics (CG) visualization of collapse behavior of embankment, is presented. The Smoothed Partice Hydrodynamics (SPH) analysis is conducted to simulate the collapse behavior of the embankment and it is shown that the results from the SPH analysis and the experimental ones are in good agreement. For the purpose of making realistic CG, new particles are generated around the existing ones after the SPH analysis due to the particle deficiency. The collapse behavior is described well in the present CG.

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In Akita prefecture, there are about 8,000 risk points of landslide. The real-time information of the disaster site has been needed to operate disaster prevention activity. Concerning to the dramatically improved internet technology in recent years, this study purposed the construction of the real-time landslide risk estimation system based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by using on-time series rainfall information. First, the past data of slope failure were searched from GIS database. Second, various topographic data from DEM were examined. As a result, the system could have predicted 7 landslides within estimate 8 risk points in Akita city.

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Two methodologies are proposed in this paper to objectively identify steep slopes without in situ surveying: method 1 uses Laser Profiler data and a Digital Elevation Model, method 2 uses statistical analysis of slope failure attributes found in public to identify slope failure prone areas using GIS. Analyzing the vertical variation of Laser Profiler data, steep slopes are identified with a precision that is 10% higher than previous methods using just a DEM, allowed categorizing the surface into “Vegetation”, “Bare ground/Concrete”. The efficiency of the methodologies for specifying slope failure prone areas based on public records is also represented.

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This paper will demonstrate how municipal governments can manage landslides with the use of inspection records and spatial data. Specifically, the study applies a multivariate analysis method, quantification theory type 2, to statistically evaluate the risk of slope failures caused by geomorphological factors. In addition, it is clear that the significance of data update and selection of factors for accurate analysis. The scores from these analytical results reflect the risk of the slopes sampled in the analysis. By applying this method, we identify the areas prone to landslides and prioritize to the area in consideration of damage to buildings and roads. The results of this study will specify and predict areas prone to collapse for warning and evacuation procedures.

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A gravestone in Japan is a simple structure in which each stone is merely stacked without any reinforcements. Therefore, gravestones are easy to overturn during earthquakes. In the earthquake damage survey, the overturning rate or the aspect ratio of overturned gravestones has been used to estimate the seismic intensity or peak ground acceleration on the site. In this way, gravestones have been used as the indicator of the seismic intensity. However, overturning of gravestones should be avoided because it has the possibility to hurt people and gravestones are for worship of our ancestors. Therefore, the reinforcement of gravestones is important from the view point of the prevention of overturning. In this study, shaking table tests of full scale models were done in order to investigate the seismic behavior of the gravestones and the effectiveness of reinforcement measures.

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An on-line observation system of strong ground motions and immediate response system was constructed at the Disaster Prevention Research Center, Ankara, Turkey. Damage estimation is made for buildings and dwellings and for infrastructures such as roadways, railways, water, gas, electricity and telecommunication systems. Although damage function is inevitable for immediate damage estimation, the damage function of road bridges is not well established. Several bridge parameters were investigated, and damage done to road bridges in past earthquakes collected to determine the damage function. The damage function and database were used in a test study of damage done to road bridges on the assumption that a part of the North Anatolia fault ruptured.

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This paper analyzes the housing damage evaluation activities in the 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake disaster. The objective of this paper is to describe the details of the activities and analyze them from operational, organizational, and human resources view points. The data is obtained by the participant observation and ethnographical interviews to the Ojiya City disaster management officials. Based on the analysis, the modified evaluation method is proposed.

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After the Niigata-ken-Chuetsu Earthquake of 2004, the public support systems which assist livelihoods of disaster victims (especially, repair and reconstruction of the housing) have been conducted. However, applying of the system is now undergoing and the whole situation of the problems, produced by operation of the systems, is not understood yet, though various problems are pointed out after the earthquake. This paper aims to understand the actual situation of problems of public supports for repair and reconstruction of housing introduced by the inconsistent policy making after the earthquake from the operation of the system and the utilization by the disaster victims point of view.

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There are many public assistant systems offered for damaged dwellings restoration, and a series of unified systems would be extremely effective for disaster victims. But each system is based on a different law and provided by different section of local government.This study summarizes the process in which a measure is implemented and analyzes the problem caused by a lack in cooperation of each system in 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake. Study has developed utilizing disaster ethnography based on the interview survey for disaster workers of Ojiya City.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze resident consciousness for retrofitting of existing houses. In the paper, willingness to pay (WTP) for retrofitting of existing houses is estimated using contingent valuation method from the questionnaire data of the Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture. From an regression analysis to find relations between WTP and household attributes, it became clear that risk awareness of earthquake occurrence and inhabitable area have effects to WTP. Finally, a simple simulation about relations between administrative subsidy and progress of the retorofitting of existing houses using estimated WTP is performed and administrative cost reduction by high risk cognition of earthquake occurrence is indicated.

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In this paper, we assumed that earthquake-resistance retrofitting is a behavior of the individual resident's selection and analyzed it. Concretely, after the decision making structure concerning earthquake-resistance retrofitting and the factors are clarified, the action of each subject is described by binary logit models.The result of this research will be able to be used for the real number forecast and the policy assessment for earthquake-resistance retrofitting.

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Recently, a lot of municipalities have consolidated all over the country. Accompanied with the consolidation, the firefighting headquarters have reorganized. In this study, the authors clarified the influences on first-aid service by the reorganization of the firefighting headquarters accompanied with the consolidation of municalities in Ibaraki Prefecture. And the estimation method of first-aid service demand and the calculation model of first-aid service level are proposed. In conclusion, the effects of some policies to solve the problems caused by the consolidation of municipalities are discussed.

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The risk perception for individuals related to a seismic disaster was surveyed focusing onto the perception for the evacuation and the uneasiness of daily life under the function loss of lifeline systems. A questionnaire survey for the above stakeholders was done to clarify the dominant factors resulting in the evacuation from the immediately after the event to the reconstruction stage. During the time, the risk perception of the evacuation is strongly related with the perception of the function loss of lifeline systems because each system plays a necessary role in the daily life, and with the lack of its role the stakeholders may feel uneasy about their daily life after the event.

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As a method to estimate seismic intensity, the overturning ratio of tombstones in a cemetery has been used widely in Japan. In this study, the overturning ratio of tombstones due to an earthquake is estimated based on an image analysis of aerial photographs. It is possible to extract only notable edges from an image by removing noise. Then the displaced tombstones can be detected through the distribution of edge direction. In order to establish an estimation formula for the overturning ratio of tombstones, the direction of sunlight and the resolution of the photograph should be considered properly in a future research.

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In the disaster prevention field, the idea of disaster mitigation which does not prevent disaster completely but suppresses the influence of the generated disaster to the minimum is being circulated after a Kobe earthquake. By disaster mitigation, the information system is considered to play an important role.! Sharing of information is required in order to perform effective disaster measures.! The construction of the disaster prevention informationsharing platform which makes the information system of each disaster prevention organs concerned cooperate is proposed.! In this paper, the disaster mitigation information-sharing platform was defined as the framework for aiming at cooperation of the information system of a governmental agency or a public institution.

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A portable information mutual system for assisting rescue personnel in disaster situations has been developed. In terms of proceeding the system, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, which contain information such as bulding structure or family, are set to buldings. The system is used for the cases of usual condition, a fire, disaster, judgement of damage level and the support of damage recovery. RFID's information can be remotely downloaded or uploaded by portable microwave terminals. This can help safety assessment for inspectors on condition of refugee's search or the judgement of damaged buildings.

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This paper provides the evaluation methods on long-time recovery in the afflicted area using statistics database. First, we discuss the recovery index requirements which is able to grasp the recovery situation and its database needs for disaster response. Second, we propose the recovery index using time-series analysis(TSA) and the framework to interpret the recovery situation. Third, we apply the recovery index using TSA to the HanshinAwaji Eartquake Disaster, it is clear that several recovery patterns examine from three aspects, that is, trend, seasonal variation and noise including the original data, for ten years after the event.

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After the Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake of 2004, many housings were damaged and the risk of soil failures and inundations were increasing in intermediate and mountainous areas. And these areas have been had the problems related to depopulation by moving out their settlement because of disadvantage to the weather conditions and inconvenient location as usual. Therefore there are anxiety of many households moving out and breakdown after this earthquake in these area. Under the situation, Niigata Pref. Government adopts the community preservation. So we investigate into the households and analyze the impact on the communities and factors of moving out from their settlements. And we want to obtain empirical knowleges for community preservation at their native area in this study.

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How victims support operation should be designed to provide services tailored to meet needs and requests from each victim and to minimize troubles and extra loads in the large-scale operation became big issue with recent growing diversity and complexity of disaster victims support. In this study, the total picture of support operation and problems emerged in the operation process in Ojiya city was clarified with observations of the operations, interviews to the staff engaged in the operations and analyzing documents used in the operation such as submitted application forms, distributed leaflets for service instruction to victims and manuals provided to staffs. Based on the clarified process and the structure of problems, modifications of the process and the information system to settle those problems were proposed.

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Many computer assisted disaster response support systems have been developed after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Those systems can succeeded in providing support to integrate various kinds of hazard information quickly and easily, but they cannot provide support for overall decision making in disaster response. It is mainly because these systems have failed to support what is needed for disaster response business flow due to the lack of communication between municipal administrators as client and system engineers. In this research, we developed a standard operation procedure to define disaster response business flow through a collaboration between client and system engineers.

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This study aims to analyze and evaluate emergency management from Management by Objective perspective in the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake. In the result, there was little support for incident commander to make quick decisions in emergency operation in Niigata. We analyze Common Operational Picture (COP) of City of New Orleans in Hurricane Katrina, 2005, and find that information integration was established by the use of COP that enables proactive emergency operation. Planning Cycle in emergency operation phase is one of the means of realizing Management by Objective, and operational briefing works as to share COP, incident objectives and significant activities for the next 24-48 hours.

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Many organizations and departments have many sources of information such as TV, radio, the Internet and observation image. Disaster responders have to process much information in order to maximize the efficiency of response activities. Information processing contains gathering information, information summarizing, and information dissemination. This paper explains crisis information processing system based on "The Intelligence Cycle", and analyzes disaster response manual in Kobe city based on "The Intelligence Cycle" framework. Finally this paper would establish the framework to information processing system for effective disaster response based on incident command system (ICS).

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Several prefecture governments which are threatened for high earthquake disaster risk has been established the Action Plan for Disaster Reduction. A goal of those plans is establishing holistic disaster reduction framework and managing the processes of disaster reduction activities. This paper clarifies issues in the established action plans according to the following perspectives, 1) comprehensiveness, 2) practicality, and 3) effective process management, and finally proposes planning procedure managing the clarified issues analyzing planning process of the Nara Prefecture Action Plan for Disaster Reduction and its contents, which was established through collaborative work between specialists and stakeholders.

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The purpose of this research is to investigate that it is useful to apply the basic concept of Incident Command System (ICS) to the organization of Japan. Therefore, we investigated about duties for disaster response of Telecommunications Company which carried out disaster correspondence routinely and analyzed it. The investigation method of conformity degree is investigation of various manuals and analysis of the correspondence in a real disaster. As a result, the basic concept of ICS has been applied in this investigated Telecommunications Company. From this, we recognize that the basic concept of ICS was effective to the organization of Japan.

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IDNDR and SARS brought transfiguration to the disaster system in China.The idea of the disaster reduction took it to China through the former. In the later, the concept of the emergency management was accepted to a Chinese society.The feature of the emergency management making in China is in establishing the cooperation of disaster organization at the same time as clarifying the responsibility of the organization. In addition,the role of NGO in disaster is valued. The author investigated and analyzed the earthquake occurred in Jiangxi on November 26^th 2005.The disaster system in China has been understood that inconsistency between the system and the reality exists.

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Hurricane Katrina, which struck the U.S. Gulf Coast with catastrophic loss of life and property, triggered a series of unprecedented social, economic and environmental disasters. It revealed great weaknesses in U.S. emergency management policy and program such as 1) Failure of disaster preparedness, response and relief coordination among state, local and federal agencies in the storm-affected areas; 2) Inadequate public information to support policy decisions and public response; 3) Chaotic movement and shelter operations including failure of basic human service delivery in shelters and inadequate contingency planning for relocating needed services; and 4) An unprecedented need for recovery and reconstruction resources with likely national security and policy reform implications.

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When natural disasters (earthquakes, typhoons) strike urban areas, disrupted electricity supplies can cause significant damage to economic and social activity. Clarifying the reliability (quality and amount) of electricity supplies required by urban systems under both emergency and normal conditions can help facilitate smarter urban designs. This paper analyzes the result of a questionnaire and shows the maintenance present condition of energy equipment of a public office, a hospital, a school, a company, etc., the needs of energy supply in an emergency in a building, and clarifying the problem and subject as a stable energy supply (such as cogeneration) in an area for local power supplies.

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We had built an emergency field survey support system (POS System) using PDA, GPS and GIS through the experience of activities on site at Niigata-ken Chuetsu Earthquake, Oct.23, 2004. POS System is an applicable tool for various emergency field surveys and we also pointed out the importance of the information processing based on work flow. The purpose of research is to build an advanced version of POS system that is a survey support system for national road for day-to-day operation and emergency based on analysis of work flow with local practitioners on site and also suggest how to define an upper process for building an effective information system for emergency response.

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We conducted a questionnaire survey on response of railway companies after the Chiba-ken Hokuseibu earthquake on July 23, 2005 (M6.0). When the JMA seismic intensity 5 is observed, they inspect railway facilities on foot and the railway service is interrupted during the inspection. After the earthquake, railroad services stopped about seven hours in maximum for inspecting railroad facilities, and the inspection time was approximately one hour per 10km of the distance of inspection section. Therefore when the JMA seismic intensity 5 is observed in the most of Tokyo metropolitan area, many of railway services should be interrupted several hours because of inspecting railroad facilities, and millions of railroad users may be affected by this interruption.

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In this paper, the results of analysis of disaster management entities established at municipal governments in the event of natural disasters in Japan will be reported. Specifically, the paper will discuss the case of a disaster management headquarters at the Ojiya city government in the event of the Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, and the case of a similar entity in the Sanjo city in the event of the torrential rain. The design of a standard EOC system suitable for our country in reference to the EOC system in the United States will also be proposed in this paper based on the analysis of present status of disaster management authorities in our country.

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By conducting an inquiry survey in Kansai Area of Japan, this paper examines how large-scaled and small-andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have implemented the important elements of Business Continuity Management (BCM). It appears that SMEs can easily introduce the elements that the top management decides as most important; however, they face difficulties in introducing elements that require considerable investment or company-wide systematic efforts. Further, although only a small percentage of firms consulted their suppliers/customers regarding their disaster prevention plans, more than half the companies would possibly make it a transaction condition for a supplier to have a disaster prevention plans. This fact shows the probable diffusion of BCM in the near future in Japan.

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It is not an easy work for creating a fire risk evaluation method that can be applied to different map-scale from a single building to the whole region of Japan. Comparing with the traditional simulation method using the urban index or mesh-data, the burned probability of each single building is calculated in our method. Therefore, our output reflects the actual urban spatial characteristics and fits for any general-purpose with no margin of error. It is possible to amount to different totaled-unit and to get the numbers of burned houses and area. Besides it is also an appropriate way to convey the fire risk information to the citizens by showing the cluster data from this simulation also named Fired Fate Community.

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The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami caused severe damage. It is considered that a lack of knowledge about tsunami is one of the factors to bring on such damage. Questionnaire surveys on tsunami awareness were carried out among 1,000 residents in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and the Maldives, respectively. The purpose of the survey is to assess and evaluate the capacity of communities to respond to natural disasters. Additionally, a comparative analysis has been carried out to identify the regional differences in tsunami risk perception on which people base their behaviors and judgments. Careful consideration has been given to the differences in social and cultural backgrounds throughout the study. The overall trends show that there are several kinds of differences among three countries on the topics studied.

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In order to grasp inhabitants' risk perception of natural and manmade disasters, questionnaires on the citizens of Kochi city where natural disasters had often occurred, and Hitachi city where disasters had seldom occurred, were conducted. Based on these data, we examined how they perceive the probabilities of occurrence of various disasters in each city, possibilities of human death by that in various regional extent, and the risk characteristics of that. Applying logistic regression method, factor analysis method and so on, we compared the risk perception between the two cities and between six kind of disasters: heavy rainstorm, earthquake, tsunami, great fire, nuclear disaster and explosion accident.

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In case of the Tonankai-Nankai earthquake, we must be damaged by Tsunami in a few minutes. The southern area of Kii Peninsula is dotted with small villages along the coast. So we have a pressing need to take measures against Tsunami in order to save lives of inhabitants. On this program we decided on the action plan for taking the comprehensive measures with the verification of “software” and “hardware”. On this process we have aimed at forming two systems. One is a system to take the results of inhabitants’ workshops into the master plan of the town. We have already formed it. The other is a management system in which the local government and inhabitants cooperate with each other when we put this master plan into effect.

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It is recently recognized that effective disaster prevention schemes for vulnerable people is highly required. However, roles of residents as members of an autonomous community to play have not been well cleared. The present study aims to investigate the role of individuals for supporting elderly people's evacuation activity from the tsunami hazard using a questionnaire survey with AHP analysis. Also, SWOT analysis is deployed to find out the roles for residents to play in a practical way.

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Firstly, this report explains the background of social demands on evacuation support for vulnerable people to disasters. And the legal bases are explained about the demands on evacuation support for vulnerable people to disasters. It is mentioned about the collecting and sharing process of personal information and the supporters for vulnerable people to disasters. The legal acts on protection for personal information are analyzed for vulnerable people to disasters．Finally, the legal effectiveness is discussed for the protection of personal information. And the possibility for application of existent social welfare system is considered.

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In the hall of University of Tsukuba, it is often crowded of many people because of some problems, which are come from characteristic of the space. Crowded situation has various risk, some are close to us and others might lead fatal problem. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relation between flow of crowd and characteristic of space based on a computer simulation developed. It is come out that most possibility space of crowding in the hall is just inside of the entrance.

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Basis of simulation to evaluate rescue activity for the weak people in earthquake disasters is shown. The models of street blockage, fire spread, and human behaviors using Multi-Agent Simulation, are integrated. The research area is a densely populated wooden area in Suginami, Tokyo. Firstly, detailed risk evaluations about street blockage and fire spread were made. Secondly the rescue activity for the weak was modeled, and simulations were carried out.In case studies, when highly dangerous areas considering the risk evaluation were intensively rescued, rescue activity improved. Some rescue strategies were compared and evaluated. This method will be useful for rescue planning.

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We take up as focus "Fire fighting large area assistance exercise" that uses the method of the disaster response exercise that the emphasis is put on the information gathering and the analysis, and the cooperation between related organizations. And then we expanded the making method setting of the preparations on "the closed area conclusion type exercise" to "the large area assistance type exercise". In addition, the peculiar problem to the fire fighting staff was extracted from the evaluation result of the exercise, and the effect of "Functional exercise" were shown.

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In this research, the way of the website which delivers the crisis management information in the aspects of “Contents (Information)” “Website Design” “Information processing system” is examined, and its conceptually design is proposed. Furthermore, based on the results, prototype website for the local governments is constructed with the rearranged information on the website to advance the crisis management. The prototype website is utilized CMS (Contents Management System) as the fundamental system and linked the other application. The proposed prototype containing information inputting, processing, and indication will make the monistical crisis management availabale.

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Based on the web news archive of a total of 2,623 articles highlighting the 2004 Niigata-ken-Chuetsu Earthquake disaster, we developed an algorithm to extract automatically the set of keywords which can characterize any time phase of disaster process from the start of an event to the termination of Emergency Operation Center. And we applied a visualization method with use of extracted keywords set and their feature quantify. Extracted keywords by the algorithm and the text mining result helps Cross Media Database (XMDB) users to search information and intelligence from corpus about fields related to emergency management.

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We developed the method to make up a curriculum cultivating professionals of disaster preparedness. In this method we focus on the requirement of professional in the competency of senior reseach members and expart members of organizations. We have to recognize OJT now in use is not sufficient for disaster recovery training. In the fields of emergency preparedness, disaster recovery ,business continuity management and crisis management,it was especially efficient to make use of the lessons learned through disaster of them. We made up the curriculum of the training program for the professional corporate emergency operation center members. We have 34 sessions ;24 lectures and 10 exercises. We applied JISQ2001 and ICS (USA) framework for arrangement of requirements.

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Though a discussion theme about developing human resource to power up a ability to response a disaster event on a public sector, it is not enough to examine a current human development program for officers on a disaster prevention section. This report shows an educational effect of a standard training program pursuant to plural reports of a blain trust with applying for 4-level approach of Kerkpatric. This report points that an object program achieves just about a third level in 4-level approach concept. But it is difficult to evaluate factual effects for disaster response operations. Considering an effective training program, it is necessary to standardize disaster response operations on municipal sectors to apply for officers in a current situation.

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Repeated photographing of residential structures took place in an affected area of the 2004 Niigata-Ken-Chuetsu earthquake for a period of 457 days following the event. The survey purpose is to collect fundamental data for investigating mid-term change in housing stock in disaster hit areas. The central part of the town of Kawaguchi having 350 privately owned houses was chosen as the survey area. Pictures of all the houses, both damaged and undamaged, in the area were taken at intervals between 19 and 60 days. In the case of damaged buildings, pictures of the stack and removal work of debris and reconstruction work were taken, and those of vacant lots were taken when reconstruction did not take place. Recovery stages were classified on an ordinal scale with eleven categories. Recovery process curves were derived for each building, and their applicability to various topics in diasaster study were generally discussed.

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The purpose of this research clarifies Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake the victim's recovery by using the panel data(N=297).And,it was examined whether there was a constant pattern in the transition of the ife recovery feeling. As a result, the transition pattern of a long-term life recoveryl feeling afterwards of year sixth has been decided for the victim. And,it was clarified that the transition of victim's life recovery feeling divided into four patterns（+ + type，＋type，- type， - - type）.

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We clarified the life reconstruction process for ten years after the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake Disaster and examined the stability and reliability of indicators capable of objectively measuring reconstruction process through the analysis of the data from the social random sampled surveys, which were conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005. We found that; 1) although redeveloping destructed cities is progressing steadily in ten years, the impact of the disaster remains in local economy; 2) the victims with large house damage have not yet recovered well from the disaster in ten years; 3) the indicators can stably explain victims' and affected area's present conditions.

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