This paper attempts to construct multi-agent system simulation model by considering each activity of those groups and organizations that are related to transportation activities of those who have injured when the disaster occurs.To construct simulation model considering for earthquake disaster, each agent activity that are related to transportation activities in the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007 are researched. The results of the simulation confirm that dispatch request for outside the prefecture DMAT at early time and the effectiveness of hub hospital for transportation.

It is important to construct distributed self-sustaining architectures or districts for preparing lifeline disruption caused by earthquake. In this study, municipal government office buildings are selected as candidate for distributed self-sustaining architecture in national capital region, Japan. We researched the water and electricity utilities at the buildings and environment around the each building by questionnaire survey and interview. Based on the survey, the ability of business continuity was analyzed. As a result, the concept of sustainable area management system was proposed for constructing and maintaining distributed self-sustaining zone for earthquake disaster reduction in Tokyo capital region.

Recently, large-scale damage has been pointed out in case of an earthquake with an epicenter in the Tokyo metropolitan area. According the report, the high risk regions of fire spreading after the earthquake overspread here and there. This paper aims to clarify what kind of the urban characteristic factors influences the fire spreading risk. As a result of the analysis, it is indicated that factors of category first and second low-rise exclusive residential district and quasi-fire protective districts are influence factors of increase in fire spreading risk.

It is said that plate subduction-zone earthquakes and inland earthquakes may occur in several decades in Japan．However, many resldents do not try to perform seismic retrofit, even lf their wooden houses have poor seismic performance and will suffer extensive damage if a severe earthquake occurs, In order to motivate residents to implement an effective earthquake countermeasure for their houses, this paper proposes evaluation indexes to select the most cost effective earthquake countermcasure for their own houses. Then, we have perfomed some case studies changing location, the feature of houses, and earthquake countermeasure techniques to demonstrate the validity of the proposed indexes and to discuss how to prepare for the big earthquakes.

We have analysed a secondary data on voluntary groups promoting crime prevention being collected periodically by Saitama Prefecture Police. It is highly expected the groups are characterised by police stations, despite policy competition between the governor and the assembly members resulted in the prefectural bylaw on crime prevention and the highest frequency of the groups per capita among prefectures in Japan.

The immediate victims of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake included 5,502 dead and 41,527 wounded. The death rate among victims in collapsed buildings was purported to be as high as 90%. However, we have no way to examine how the victim got dead or wounded, except for autopsy and interview with the bereaved. We need knowledge in detail about what part of building or furniture caused casualty and how it was occurred. Therfore, we aimed to make a dummy to measure human body damage due to collapsed buildings or toppled furniture. This dummy will be used in large-scale fracture tests of buildings to evaluate human body damage due to earthquakes.

In this paper, we analyze the scenario of the restoration process associated with critical Infrastructure such as electric power supply, gas supply, water treatments, communication and road networks due to a seismic disasters. The North Tokyo Bay Earthquake is anticipated. First, the restoration process is analyzed by investigating the operational plan for disaster prevention offered by the stakeholders associated with subject critical infrastructure distributed in the Tokyo area and second, the related interdependency is modeled by selecting the dominant events in the restoration process and idealizing them as the network format.

In the context of business continuity management, disaster response consists of 1) the core daily operations which must be continued ever when a disaster occurs, and 2) the emergency operations which must be launched for emergency response, relief, and recovery. It is found that most of emergency operations use the same basic work-flow as the operations done at non-emergency. This fact gave us the hypothesis that improving basic work-flow of those daily operations by compiling manuals based on Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) could improve the manuals for disaster response. A real world test was conducted and to be reported with the full cooperation from Kashihara city, Nara prefecture.

The 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki earthquake caused a devastating damage to Kashiwazaki City, which has a population of 100,000 people and a total of 60,000 building footprints. As the first step for disaster victims to recover from the disaster, they need to receive “Damage Cetrificate”. The city succeeded in issuing about 18,000 certificates for the first 14 days with the help by the GIS based Damage Certificate Issuing Program which was developed based on the lessons learned from the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu earthquake. In order to share the know-how about this operation, we developed a pacakage of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Scheduling in the form of Gant Chart, Resource Assignment based on the PMBOK framework developed by PMI .

At a disastrous earthquake, occurrence of multiple fires in wooden densely inhabited districts is one of the greatest threats to the society, since response capacity of fire departments is likely to be overwhelmed by the rapid spreading of these fires. In order to minimize the potential damage caused by fires, fire departments in the affected area must use existing resources timely and effectively in their operation against fires. However, 119 calls is not sufficient because of the congestion of calls and hence over-dependency to this is not appropriate. As many plans of disaster information collection by fire departments do not take into account the fact that post-earthquake fires tend to spread rapidly, it is very important to construct an effective scheme of acquiring disaster information in the emergency operational plan.

Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake will cause enormous damages because of highly accumulated exposures. And it will induce significant loss of social and economic activities because of the concentrated functions of government and economy. To take a general view of the disaster, this paper calcurates the exposures to natural conditions, such as estimated seismic intensity, and illustrates their characteristics of distribution. This paper also counts the exposure of critical infrastructures to recognize their centralization. As a result, 25 million people were estimated to exist in the area where seismic intensity will be lower 6 and over. Systems of power, railroad, public health were concentrative to the area of seismic intensity upper 6. Suffered area was classified into several areas according to exposures.

One of the evaluation methods for wide area evacuation after post-earthquake fire, which is essential for urban safety in Japanese urban area, is "The Earthquake Area Vulnerability Assessment of Tokyo". This paper proposes a new method of the wide area evaluation risk based on fire incidents and fire spreading to solve some problems the method by Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The proposed method is dealt with the probability of fire incidents and fire spreading of periphery town blocks. Secondly, it is applied to Ota Ward in Tokyo to discuss comparison with the previous method using GIS simulation. Finally, it shows a new routing strategy and appropriate place for fire evacuation after the earthquakes.

In the situation in which it was feared that a near filed earthquake occurs in Tokyo, Tokyo metropolitan government made "Damage Estimates of an Earthquake with an Epicenter in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area" public. The report says that the damage from fires especially becomes extensive when a near field earthquake occurs in metropolitan area. This study is the one having paid attention about the timing of the switch from regional fire fighting operation to more wide area fire fighting operation to use the limited fire fighting resource for simultaneity breakout of fire. This paper discusses the relation between the timing of operation switch and the effect of the fire damage reduction quantitatively by the simulation experiment under various conditions.

Urban Search and Rescue (US&R or USAR) response capabilities against structural collapse disasters needed to be prepared to save the lives of the victims trapped under rubble. In Japan, a national US&R response system has yet to be established, but the importance of introducing such a system became evident after two major structural collapse disasters. The authors conducted surveys of national/state US&R response systems in the USA and California, and of the UK's national USAR project, to investigate their systems, resources, infrastructure and training. The results are listed and discussed with a view to identifying the key points of their implementations, and are compared with the case in Japan. In conclusion, proposals are made for US&R implementation strategies that need to be introduced in Japan.

A simple index is proposed for seismic vulnerability assessment of lifeline network facilities. The proposed index, “V-factor,” is evaluated using the correction factors representing relative vulnerability corresponding to a variety of pipe diameters, pipe materials, and joint types in statistical models used widely for estimation of number of pipe breaks in the event of earthquakes. Such correction factors are averaged over the entire networks on the basis of extended length of pipelines classified by pipe diameter, pipe material, and joint type. Applications are shown for water delivery systems in Japan. The nation-wide distribution of the V-factor demonstrates a significant diversity in terms of seismic vulnerability. Reduction of vulnerability in the ten-year period after the Kobe event is quantified.

This paper deals with a trial estimation about applying the disaster mitigation performance evaluation based on current situation of geographic spatial data in municipalities which have densely built-up area that need corrective measure because great fires may occur there in the wake of an earthquake. We analyzed it about the availability of input data by the spread of a fire simulation on Geographic Information Systems for mainly. As a result, it became clear that there was the available area of building shape data with the attribute that was necessary for an application more than about 50% of densely built-up area of high priority improved.

In this paper, we analyzed the influence that the crowd inflow in the terminal station transfer passage gave to stayed. This model is based on findings of a field survey at Nagoya Station and the past crowd accident investigations. The agent model that we developed is applied to the different cases for the validity check. Simulation is modeled on North Corridor at JR Nagoya Station, and we shows the results under the various settings. such as the in-flow co-efficiency and OD patterns. Under the realistic case setting, we analyzed the results on local crowd density on the corridor of Nagoya station.

This paper discusses damages and responses of industrial sectors during the Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in 2007. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to investigate the regional economic losses, to identify the sources of the losses, and to measure the effects of various disaster responses, which were conducted by each firm during the disasters. Based on the 274 replies from the firms located in the damaged region, the degree and duration of the impacts on operational capacity by 15 damage sources, such as facility damages and infrastructure damages are quantitatively measured. It is also shown that the damages were partly relieved by firms' responses, which can be effective information for business managers, who make decisions on the adaptation of these response options

In an aging society with a declining birthrate, households consisting of only elderly members and/or of only one member will sharply increase, making the households difficult to maintain safety by themselves during emergencies. We developed safety and secured community support system named “PiPi-che!”, which supports daily community activities and serves as a mean of communication during emergency, by coupling a monitoring system that detects persons and spatial conditions in buildings and a communication tool called “Social Networking Service System”. This paper outlines the system and describes a model of the system installed within a laboratory. To understand the reception of the system by users, a questionnaire survey and an interview survey was conducted.

This study examines the situation and challenge of cross-sectional structure and command & coordination function of Emergency Operation Center both of which would be one of the requirements to implement Management by Objective in disaster response through case study of Nigata-Chuetsuoki Earthquake (2007). In conclusion, those requirements enabled top-down decision-making to enforce all government personnel to follow the disaster objective, and accomplish effective coordination and flexible personnel distribution. We point out that it is necessary to expand more proactive information analysis function for incident commander's to support his/her decision-making and clearly define the way of coordination between cross-sectional structure and daily government structure.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possibility of application for evacuation conducted in geriatric health service facilities based on computer simulation. The multi-agent based model used for simulation is established to compare the evacuation methods, and initial arrangements of the evacuees. The outcomes of the simulation show that the evacuation method where priority is given to the evacuees on the 2^nd floor shortens the final evacuation time, and where priority is given to the evacuees on the 1^st floor shortens the average evacuation time. There is a trade-off relationship between the two methods. It is shown from the outcomes that the multi-agent based model used for simulation is adequate and has the possibility of application for evacuation conducted.

The promotions of seismic retrofitting of decrepitude houses are important to reduce the damage by a great earthquake expected in the future. In this study, we calculated the number of houses that were insufficient quake resistance, and investigated the incentive measures of major local governments for promotions of seismic retrofitting.One problem is the lack of measures for rental houses, and the other is the lack of punitive measures for the owners of decrepitude houses. We proposed and verified that the measures on restrictions of leaseholds for rental houses, and the punitive measures for the owners of decrepitude houses as the increases of property tax and registration license tax.

To spread seismic retrofit of houses drastically to reduce the damage of coming large earthquakes, the concept of “the national movement of disaster damage reduction” is effective. In the present paper, some projects done by the local government of Aichi prefecture are introduced and evaluated considering the effectiveness for inducing local people to do their own actions for disaster mitigation. After the analyses, fundamental factors for “the national movement of disaster damage reduction” and their effective application are shown.

This paper discusses about planning process of the "Kobe City Restoration Plan". Planning Process Evaluation Matrix was developed based on 1) Project management schema, and 2) "Evaluation Window", which is developed based on Johari window concept. The Matrix was applied to evaluate the planning process of the Kobe long term recovery plan and applicability of the Matrix were verified. As a results of evaluation, planning process of the Kobe long-term recovery plan is clearly described as the knowledge which can translate to a future planner working for a long-term recovery planning after a major disaster.

This paper discusses about program evaluation on long-term recovery plan of the 1995 Kobe earthquake and the 2004 Niigata-Cyuetsu earthquake. Based on program evaluation scheme, mid-term and final evaluation of the Kobe earthquake is analyzed and techniques applicable for evaluation of Japanese long-term plan are clarified. Comprehensive approach for evaluating long-term recovery plans based on program evaluation scheme were developed from the case study in evaluation of long-term recovery process in Ojiya city.

This paper proposes a method for inspecting the building damage, which can be carried out by the disaster victim themselves. The basic data that describe the damage inspection process was acquired by the field investigation for the 2007 Noto earthquake and 2007 Niigata Chuetus-oki earthquake. This paper (1) analyzes the inspection processes to identify the key factors to recognize and evaluate the damage, (2) develops the inspection method which can be used by the disaster victim themselves, and (3) proposes the road map to apply the whole system.

After a devastating disaster in developing country, international community rushes to the affected area for humanitarian assistance. Although huge amount of international assistance are provided, it is not clear whether affected area are really recovered. For disaster recovery, it is important not only to restore damaged community to pre disaster situation, but to improve livelihood and reduce disaster vulnerability. Past disaster recovery experience in developing country shows recovery terminates when international cooperation finishes without achieving these goals. In this study, we try to analyze recovery process through case study on different recovery experience in Indonesia. Based on the analyze we try to clarify disaster recovery process and propose key requirement for future international cooperation.

Following the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Act on Support for Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims was enacted in 1998. Funds of up to one million yen per household for buying necessary household goods. After enactment, the act has been expanded twice in 2004 and 2007. This paper analyze the process of twice revisions, andverificate the effectiveness and the point of issues before and behind revision.

In this paper, “Recovery Chart System” for households which manage profile of each affected household from various aspects such as property damage, family structure, economic situation, health condition, plan of recovery, and history of consultation including what they asked and how staffs responded was proposed as customer relationship management system in long term recovery assistance(LTRA). After Noto peninsula earthquake, Mar., 2007, Anamizu town adopted our system for its LTRA operation. We examined its effectiveness and problems in practical use by following the utilization process of the system and interviewing the users.

Severe damages to exhibited gravestones at stone stores have been reported in past earthquakes since most of them are not reinforced. Since these gravestones are for sales and temporarily on display, reinforcement measures using glue and bond cannot be applied. Simple and detachable measures are necessary. To meet this need, this study investigates the effectiveness of an interlocking reinforcement measure using steel bars. Questions as to whether this measure is effective and how many steel bars should be used is solved by 3-D shaking table tests. Seismic behavior of five gravestones with various number of steel bars are compared. Moreover, numerical simulations of gravestones at a stone store are done using DEM, and the effectiveness of the interlocking reinforcement measure is discussed.

Emergency Operation Center should have intelligence for prediction not only about probability and scale of natural hazard, but also tendency of social phenomena of disaster for proactive disaster response. However, unlike natural hazard estimation, there is no method or system that could predict social trend. In this paper, we propose a prediction method of social phenomena tendency based on analysis of disaster corpus using TRENDREADER(TR).The TR system automatically extracts meaningful keyword sets from digital text datasets related to disasters, and visualizes a “big picture” of whole situation. Our method consists of the following two steps; 1) to identify keywords among documents about possibly significant disaster social phenomena and 2) to apply trend of the keywords in stock chart model and to provide daily summary as well as weekly summary.

We developed various learning systems for promoting seismic retrofit and disaster mitigation, which are based on Web-GIS technology. The systems were put to practical use, and various ideas about web-contents and web-interface to make systems effective are introduced. Adding to developing learning systems, we also created web-community space for volunteer groups and educational facility with systems cooperating with teaching materials.

The Niigata−ken Chuetsuoki Earthquake occurred in thc Chuetsu region of Niigata prefecture on July 16th, 2007. About two month later. EMC-K (Emergency Mapping Center in Kashiwazaki) have been organized in the Citizen Hall of Kashiwazaki Gity. They provide assistance for rehabilitation and reconstruction. Most part of their activities were publishing effective maps to support the local official. This paper describes the activity of EMC-K, then discuss the effectiveness of maps using GIS as visualized information in recovery period.

This report presents the current situation of disaster victim’s information registration and retrieval system in Kashiwazaki, Niigata, where Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake occurrcd in 2007, and points out some policy and legal affairs to register and to share disaster victim’s information．There are two points in the report. Firstly, the formulation of disaster victim’s information registration and retrieval system makes it possible to help people put their lives back in order. Secondly, the formulation reveals further problems about personal information protection.

It is anticipated that traffic accidents may occur because of the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW). The present authors introduced two driving simulators synchronized by server to perform virtual driving tests when the EEW is transmitted. To consider more realistic driving conditions, the agent-based model simulation was employed in this study. The behaviors of agents (drivers) were modeled based on the results of the driving simulator experiments. According to the numerical simulation of three moving vehicles under the EEW, a lower accident rate was observed on condition that more drivers turned on hazard lights after receiving the EEW. Hence, it is important to instruct drivers to turn on the hazard light before reducing moving speed if an EEW is transmitted on an expressway.

This paper presents a study of effective notification method of the Earthquake Early Warning(EEW) which is firstly announced from Japan Meteorological Agency. The EEW is epoch-making technology in the sense of knowing a big earthquake before the ground starts shaking. It is important that most people have to know the EEW immediately in order to defend themselves before shaking. Public notification of the EEW needs quickness and simplicity. Organizing the working group, we have developed two notification articles for the EEW, one is the signal sound and the other is the pictogram. By using these articles in the trial systems of the EEW notification, it is clear that the short warning is made intelligibly. Furthermore the simple sound and the pictogram are effective in the education of earthquake disaster prevention.

We developed a simplified method for estimating average shear-wave velocity of ground in the upper 30 meters at strong-motion station derived from peak ground motion recorded at a pair of nearby stations. By applying the method to the ground motion recordings obtained at the K-NET, KiK-net, and JMA strong-motion networks, we derive empirical estimates of the average shear-wave velocity at 257 JMA stations. The average shear-wave velocity predicted in this study shows good agreement with those estimated from borehole logs drilled in the vicinity of 13 JMA stations, site classification at 31 JMA stations, and ground motion records during 9 earthquakes from the 2004 Niigata-Ken-Chuetsu earthquake to the 2007 Noto-Hanto earthquake.

The number of traffic accidents associated with drunken-driving is reducing because the punishment for drunken-driving becomes heavier than before. However, the mortality rate due to drunken-driving is higher than any other cause of traffic accident. In this study, a series of driving simulator experiments were conducted to reveal the driving characteristics under the influence of alcohol. The reaction delay to signals, mistake rate of the reactions, driving performance under various circumstances and so forth were compared with respect to the alcoholic density in breath and the elapsed time after drinking.

A catastrophic disaster damages to lifeline facilities such as electric power, water and gas services, and it causes enormous effect on community life and business activity. However, building economic resilience can reduce the potential losses. This paper considers industrial resiliency to investigate measurement of economic impacts due to lifeline disruption. Using survey data from the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in 2004, the resiliency factor was firstly estimated so that it could take adaptive responses of industrial sectors into account. Secondly, with the estimated resiliency factor reflected on substitution parameters of production function, economic impacts of the earthquake were analyzed by a computable general equilibrium model.

In this paper, we assumed that disaster measures were a behavior of the individual resident's selection and have some purposes, generally. So, we constructed the decision making models concerning multipurpose risks, and analyzed it. Concretely, we applied Analytic Hierarchy Process, Binary Logit Model and Mixed Logit Model and constructed differential equation models for selection for disaster measures in the long period. The result of this research will be able to be used for the real number forecast and the policy assessment for inner districts risk.

In the Japanese postwar era, flood control measures focused mainly on river improvements and dams. Meanwhile, urbanization gave birth to new flood risks, so comprehensive flood control measures that have storage facilities, osmosis plants, and soft measures began. This thesis aims to test the hypothesis that these new flood control measures have not only physical effects but also psychological effects to risk perception. By conducting a questionnaire survey, it became clear that recognition of flood control measures is important in the formation of flood risk perception.

When a tsunami attacks a port, fishing boats are often carried away by the strong current. Not only the direct damage in fishery but also the indirect damage may occur, e.g. the fishing boat destroys a building or a coastal structure. Therefore, it is desirable to moor fishing boats by strong mooring rope or to let them evacuate from the port. The experimental study is presented on the behavior of fishing boat moored at quaywall and the tension in mooring rope. The equation that evaluates the required diameter of mooring rope based on the Young's modulus and the length of mooring rope, the mass of boat, the current velocity and so on is proposed through the experimental results. Based on this equation, the required diameter of mooring rope could be determined.

Many evacuation simulation models have been developed. However, all the models exogenously set the rate of evacuation and the evacuation route which are inherently determined by residents. With the exogenous settings, these models can not follow the change in the residents' behavior according to changes in policies. Therefore, it is necessary to model residents who evacuate based on their individual rationality. And now, it is known in particular that residents will not evacuate by some psychological factors (e.g. cognitive dissonance).This paper, focusing on cognitive dissonance as psychological factors, constructs an evacuation model incorporating individual rationality and cognitive dissonance. As a result, we show the effects of cognitive dissonance on the residents' evacuation.

Earthquake damage survey and diagnosis for building shall be done as soon as possible after the occurrence of earthquakes. However, current survey method takes long time. For example a survey team can judge damage about 15 houses a day on average. This study proposes a new survey and diagnosis method by measuring the coordination of several markers of damage building in the area of town block, and evaluating by the tilt angle of the building by the use of digital photogrammetry, which ensures the survey in accurate and prompt ways. The tilt angle of each building in the town blocks can provide effective information for disaster emergency response.

This study aims to propose an effective evacuation method against spreading fire after an earthquake in an area densely crowded with wooden houses. Firstly, detailed fire risk of the research area is shown using Monte Carlo method. Secondly, multi-agent model is applied for the simulation of evacuation from the fire spreading. And then a case study comparing two evacuation routes is carried out. The case study showed that the evacuation on the eastern route, which is avoiding high-fire risk area, is better than the western route, which is recommended as a main route by the local government, although it includes high-fire risk area. It is concluded that the evacuation planning using practical simulation like this study looks very important and effective.

During the interval between the Tokai-Tonankai and the Nankai earthquakes, the residents and local governments in the estimated damage area of a second earthquake have to take emergency response to increase the probability of the second quake's occurring. In this area, it is essential to take measures to save the lives of residents and also to keep up communal activities during the interval. Tanabe city, the Nankai earthquake's estimated damage area, was used as a case study. Here we describe the perception of the local government employees in this area and examine the problems and the corresponding measures necessary in the case of multiple events occurring with the time lag, using the results of a workshop and questionnaire survey which was carried out for Tanabe city government employees.

Key disaster hospitals should prepare for the accormodation of a lot of seriously-injured victims due to a big earthquake in the future. It is necessary for doctors and nurses to increase their emergency response capacity. In this paper, e-learning contents for doctors and nurses on emergency responses in key disaster hospitals has been developed. Users can access the system through the intranet/internet and learn the seven priorities: CSCATTT that should be implemented just after the disaster. About 300 doctors and 800 nurses finished learning in 2007 and increase in their disaster awareness was evaluated by comparing answers to questionnaire surveys before and after the learning.

Reconstruetion aids for private housing structures lost in earthquakes were calculated on the basis of six criteria and published statistics. The criteria were generate from a principle given by the authors that the housing recovery does not degrade the quality of living of the affected, and their acccptability was confirrned through a questionnaire survey done in affectcd areas of a recent damaging earthquake. It was suggested that the financial assistance is needed only by families with an annual income less than seven million yen when eathquake insurance is not included and four million yen when included. Diffusien of earthquake insurance and financial standing of the affected were the significant issues carefully included in the development of assistance models.

The first goal of this study is to develop effective ways how authorities or institutions concerned allocate Incident Facilities based upon three distinct Zones, Hot Zone, Warm Zone and Cold Zone, at the site regardless of the scale of accidents and disasters. The second goal of that is to propose from how large scale of accidents and disasters each one of the Incident Facilities should be established. In order to investigate the actual status of rescue activities and the usage of space at the emergency response, general fire fighting in Japan, JR Fukuchiyama Line derailment accident and September Eleven Terror Attacks(especially World Trade Center) are adopted as actual examples.

This study aims at seismic safety improvement of non-engineered houses through earthquake reconstruction procedures in developing countries based on the “build back better” philosophy． This article focuses on a case study on Central Java earthquake in Indonesia, 2006． Based on comparison of houses before-after the earthquake and the survey of people and construction workers on recognition/understanding of safety structures, we see improvement in employment of RC frames and industrialized construction material, and enhancement of awareness of importance of seismic design． However we also see poor construction practice in construction sites． This implies that we should make more efforts to disseminate technical knowledge to people and workers．