This study examined the prolonged regrets of suffers due to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake based on their 2,284 narratives in written form in order to find out the purpose of disaster prevention activity. Among them, 66 narratives are referred to regret. These narratives were classified in terms of individual attribute, actual action at the time of the disaster, and counterfactual thinking (thoughts of what might have been). The document analysis for the counterfactual statements suggests that the suffers who lost irreplaceable person or property tend to feel prolonged regret and they tend to blame themselves (e.g., counterfactual statement is such as “I would not have lost my family member if only I would return home faster”).

This study aims to make clear factors promoting the recovery progress in the tourist industry in Oarai Town, Ibaraki where its recovery has been achieved earlier than other suffered areas by the East Japan Earthquake. Accommodation facilities were chosen as representative of the tourist industry of the town. The effectiveness of measures for recovery of the facilities is evaluated based on quantitative data through our questionnaire survey designed according to the result from preliminary interviews to managers of the facilities. We found that three factors contributed to the recovery in accommodation industry: firstly, tourist industry’s participation in pre-earthquake conventional events, sedondly, post-earthquake production of an Anime TV program which made the town a stage, and lastly, measures precisely aiming to regain the number of visiting tourists.

This paper describes the development of a disaster training program for hospitals (DT-H). Participants are nonmedical staff who undertakes all disaster management activities except those related to the treatment of injuries. The program consists of a tabletop exercise of 1.5 hours; it includes group work and uses 20 cards, which include written content regarding post-earthquake hospital scenarios. Trial of DT-H in Yamagata Central Hospital in 2014 revealed that it would be highly effective for training of non-medical staffs. It is necessary to improve the content of cards so that users can visualize real-life post-earthquake hospital scenarios.

We conducted a random sampled questionnaire survey of disaster victims of the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake Disaster. We clarified victims’ situation and problems of sixteenth year in life recovery process. We set the "recovery follow-up phase" as the sixth stage in life recovery process. We analyzed changing of victims residence, victims awareness and life recovery feeling, life recovery process using life recovery calendar method and attaching the meaning to disaster experience. As a result, for victims of the fully damaged houses or independent business men,we found that they need follow-up recovery aides in more than ten years after earthquake.

We analyzed socioeconomic changes of victims living in temporary housing according to results of the 2 questionnaire surveys carried out in Government-Rented-Privately-Owned-Houses -as-Temporary-Housing in Sendai city 1 year and 3 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Unemployment and deterioration of socioeconomic conditions were improved but still made a negative influence on lives of victims 3 years after the Earthquake. Therefore it may be necessary for the resettlement of victims to carry out rent subsidy and unemployment measures. And there was little difference among socioeconomic conditions by classes of victim's certificate that was standards of judgment with regard to support of the legal system of disasters, so we may need revision of the system.

Many of municipal staffs are first experience for disaster response. It needs for disaster response to decide efficient workflow, assign resource like people and material, and manage whole works. Therefore, managers need to comprehend whole works in disaster response. In this research, the method which extract works and organize workflow as WBS from record of disaster Response is constructed and enable to extract 57 core works in the case of disaster victims' certification in Uji city in Kyoto prefecture(2012) and Toshima ward Tokyo(2013). In addition, workflow and resources are specified by comparing two WBS from case of Uji and Toshima. This research contribute to effective management of inexperienced works by specify whole workflow and resources in disaster response.

This paper aims to improve life recovery support system of disaster survivor based on target marketing method which is survivor segmentation. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the questionnaire survey data by Natori city on disaster survivors. The results were the followings: 1) Survivor’s attributes and current situation arrange intersection of decision make of housing rebuilding and, life recovery score and physical-mental stress. 2) And, the categories clustered life difficulty, re-housing difficulty, elder husband and elder wife, outside of the prefecture, outside of the city and other. 3) Survivors Segments consisted of need of heavy support, support of housing rebuilding, light follow-up and cooperation with the government of outside the city.

This paper describes the result of combination of the survey for residents, junior high school students and his/ her parents, visitors at seaside in Kamakura City, and interviews to municipal government, and workshop discussions. Since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 residents in Kamakura City engage in counter tsunami measures based on the damage estimation of Nankai Trough earthquake we found few residents understand accurate information for earthquake and tsunami in general. They would take longer time to evacuate from tsunami and be troubled with visitors as a high risk factor during their tsunami evacuations. Also we showed the issues such as cooperation among residents and visitors, and to have them for knowledges and trainning of evacuating from tsunami.

The Great East Japan Earthquake which occurred on March 11, 2011 killed 15,889 people¹⁾. It is important to consider tsunami damage in detail and to capture the characteristics and circumstances for developing prediction equations of casualty by tsunami. The purpose of this study is generating source information for the developing equations, which are topographical factors. The distance to the non-inundated area is calculated based on the location of flooded building and the address of casualty. The result indicates some persons were killed by tsunami even if the evacuation distance is short. Through the analysis of age-specific mortality, the relationship of the altitude and mortality, evacuation distance, the characteristics of casualty occurrence depend on topographic feature.

This paper identified the quantitative impact on regional demographic structure caused by two disasters, and concluse as follows. (1)Development of the index evaluating demographic structure. (2)Evaluation of the change of index in the disaster-stricken area, and this change of index designate the Disaster Impact Indicator. (3)Socio-geographical analysis through Disaster Impact Index. This paper showed that a disaster has an impact on the regional demographic structure not only negative impact but also positive one, possibly depending on reconstruction projects.

It is necesary to continue medical services when a disaster happens. However, there are no studies on BCMS model for healthcare services. So in this study, we establishe a BCMS model in consideration of healthcare characteristics. This model consists of a diagram that shows the relationship among necessary functions of BCMS in healthcare, and a detailed function item list that leads medical staffs to understand what kinds of activities they should conduct for BCMS. We also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model by comparing it with the traditional literatures and interviewing medical staffs who are core members when introducing and promoting BCMS in hospital A.

This research reports our study on business continuity plan (BCP) for welfare service facilities for people with disabilities. In this research, we determined items and contents to be required for BCP for their facilities and BCP preparation methods. Also we worked on techniques to improve emergency response of facility staffs through preparation BCP. The features of our BCP preparation method are as follows: application of basic form of BCP,conducting training sessions which were necessary and sufficient in a short term with low costs; easiness of maintenance, management and improvement levels; easiness of participation of staffs and operation in whole organization, application to shelters with welfare services, emergency response in leaders unattended situations.

In order to devise an initial response plan against earthquake at the service areas of expressway, the authors examined expressway user’s attitude towards disaster and expected behavior in the event of earthquake. Online questionnaire was conducted for 1,236 users. The results revealed the following: 1) some knowledge about how expressway company respond are not well known, 2) not a few users answered that they return home even when expressway is closed, 3) more than half the users show willingness to cooperate with initial responses, 4) both returning behavior and cooperative behavior are related to attitude towards disaster.

This paper will solve the consciousness structure for relocation of the residents from the aspect of risk perception and recognition of the landscape in the historic district under the risk of tsunami disaster. Interviews were conducted to 26 residents in Kuroe/Funo district in Kainan City, and the main results are as follows; Even if the risk perception is high enough, the consciousness for relocation can sometimes be low. Because the risk perception correlates with presence or absence of attachment to district landscape. As the attachment seeks for the maintenance of relevancy with the place of residence, the consciousness for relocation is counterbalanced. However, if it is limited to human relations, not spatial relations, the consciousness for relocation can sometimes be accepted.

By analyzing the situation of the villages in Otsuchi-Town soon after the earthquake, the following three conclusions are drawn. After the tsunami, those who escaped to the higher places were isolated, because roads had been occupied by the rubble. But some people got the access to the neighboring villages by using the mountain paths. After the construction of the seaside road, some mountain paths gradually began to be rarely used, then disappeared around 1970's. In order to take precautions against the next earthquake, the relationship between sea and mountains along the Sanriku caostal area should be improved.

As a lot of old people, or children, foreigners had more troubles than the other people in disaster, it is necessary to solve their problem and to improve the disaster reduction measures for People with Functional Needs in times of Disaster, in order to enhance disaster prevention and mitigation capacity in Urban. This study used population data and hazard map data from Yokohama City, to calculate the population exposure of children, old people and foreigners, and to analyze disaster risk (earthquake, liquefaction, tsunami, fire, landslides, floods) on their living environment. The results can be used as basic information by the disaster management organizations or local voluntary organizations, when they make the disaster planning.

New emergent multiorganizational networks (EMONs) were eatablished during the Great East Japan Earthquake. Not much research had been done on explaining why EMONs develop certain forms of collaboration. The present study examines the factors that influence the likelihood that EMONs develop formal types of collaborative activities vis-à-vis informal types from the point view of the boundary personnel and game theory. Based on the interview surveys of 12 EMONs, the study has found the causal factors that EMONs increase the degree of formality of their collaborative activities.

The study compared poor and non-poor groups from two flood-prone villages in central Thailand following the flood of 2011. The results showed that damage/income ratio was higher among persons in the poor group living in old high-pillared houses near the river. Although this group was not as well prepared and experienced less damage than the non-poor group, they had fewer resources to recover. The study examined household history, network"and socioeconomic status, as well as the local history. The poor group’s socio-economic characteristics may limit their capacity to resettle as they have lived in the flood area for generations0 Options proposed to address this were to improve dykes and early warning systems, increase access to education, and offer compensation for lost earnings.

In most cases, the activity log is not recorded properly. In the conventional disaster information system, we record some digital information such as the damage situation for headquarters meeting document making, but the activity log to affect the management is not recorded. The disaster information system (WebEOC^®) can record activity log of the headquarters of disaster control. In kashihara city office, it has been used for training in a desk from the H23 year. We clarify the actual situation of the information processing in the headquarters for disaster control by analyzing its activity log, and point out importance of the free-style information and suggest a policy to do activity effectively.

In this study we designed a core training and management system for those responsible for disaster-prevention activities at the national and local level. We call this system the “Training System for specialists in disaster prevention”. We studied the knowledge, skills and capabilities required for these personnel and defined objectives for them. We then built an efficient and relevant training system to strengthen the disaster-prevention capabilities. We have also taken a comprehensive view to determine the subjects to be learned by everyone concerned with disasterprevention activities.

The idea of media-mix has become important for public warning in the event of disasters. However, there are less and limited media available at rural areas especially in developing countries. This research conducted experiment to disseminate disaster information to community people in rural mountainous areas in Thailand by using loudspeaker, the medium used for current warning, and Short Message Service (SMS), potential new medium for the areas. Through the experiment, advantages of both loudspeaker and SMS are presented and the positive effect was clarified if both media used together in warming the communities. For strengthen the idea of media mix, penetration of disaster information from the two media into residents such as effect of hearsay should be analyzed.

After the 2010 massive volcanic eruption of Mt. Merapi, north of Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, the housing reconstruction program, REKOMPAK (Community-Based Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Settlement Project) included support for on-site rebuilding or relocation to resettlement sites called huntaps (hunian tetap, permanent housing). This paper considers the role of REKOMPAK as a support for housing reconstruction, and also as an initiative to reduce future disaster risk through residential relocation.

The paper presents the new method of making earthquake disaster situation estimation system based on web gis services. In earthquake disasters, many kind of damage and impacts occur in complex processes and many kind of person or organizations should prepare based on the estimation of situation. In order to give them personalized estimation information, authors made the simple earthquake disaster estimation application that everyone can estimate that with web brouser. From the development procedures, it is revealed that the data, processing, result of estimation should be made as services so that they can combine them flexibly according to needs, complexity of process, and they can promote collaboration faster.

Diasaster risk assessment is essential for quantifying the needs of disaster countermeasures and promoting their implementation. In flood prone area in Asia, evidence-based risk asseeemnt is very difficult to conduct because regional data related to natural and social environment is very limited. In this paper, a basic method of flood risk assessment was developed considering the data-poor situations in Asian flood prone area. From the interview surveys in local communities, the fact that monetized flood damage cost is small because of the adjustment of their lifestyle to frequent floods. Then, a floof risk assessment method forcusing on social impact on residents’ daily lives was proposed and applied in one of the flood prone area in the Pampanga River Basin in the Republic of the Philippines.

The 2011 Chao Phraya River Flood in Thailand caused massive damage to the country such as 815 deaths and more than $45 billion economic damage. The industrial sector, particularly the seven industrial areas where the proportion of Japanese-affiliated firms, in total, is more than 50%, witnessed devastating damage. This study conducted a survey with Japanese factories in Thailand in February-March 2015, and analyzed 22 responses. The results showed that most of these factories regarded the necessity of preparing business continuity plan the most important lesson from the flood. The factories which were inundated by the flood have strengthened their own flood prevention measures as a whole, but they could be fortified more if they could collaborate with business partners or other entities.

It is an important social mission for West Nippon Expressway Co.，Ltd．which is a designated public institution (following NEXCO West) to continue the wide expressway network operations against various risks. NEXCO West currently works on business continuity plan development to cope with the various risks. One of the important an element on BCP is risk assessment. However， the study on risk assessment of expressways in Japan was very limited except for the study of Okamoto (2012), which makes clear the general prioritizing method of disaster countermeasures with consideration of cost and effectiveness of them and so on. This paper reports on the further development of risk assessment method of expressway and the results of case study on expressways in Japan.

It is one of the ironclad rules of risk management that we take multiple countermeasures for reducing human casualties in dwellings attacked by hazardous earthquakes. As a series of study on seismic indoor safety protection, in this paper we propose a new seismic alert system capable of earthquake early warning and pseudo experience training on evacuation. Our system inform us real-time information on pinpoint dangerous space and the Injury Severity Score of inhabitants using both computer vision and motion capture technology. In addition, the inhabitants staying in the dangerous space can be led to the safer space by artificial voice from the system.

A shopping mall where many people gather is at high risk when an earthquake occurs. Analysis of human actions during an earthquake is one of the important issues in considering evacuation planning. In this study, evacuation simulation model during an earthquake is constructed based on video movies of security cameras in shopping malls during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The simulation for the weekday case is compared with the video movie, showing the validity of the simulation model. In the simulation for the weekend case in which the number of evacuee is twice, the crowd become very dense at the exit during the strong shake, suggesting possibility of accidents. The additional simulation considering a countermeasure shows that opening of side exit doors by employees can decrease the density of crowd with evacuate guidance.

After a huge earthquake, buildings subjected to strong ground shaking may suffer damage that possibly classifies them to be unsafe for occupancy. Knowing the aftershock risk can support post-earthquake decision-making on the re-occupancy of earthquake-affected buildings. The aftershock risk of buildings with defined damage levels is evaluated stochastically based on fragility curve and aftershock hazard analysis. After the mainshock, the damage level of the building is estimated from structural health monitoring. The combination of the pre-computed aftershock risk and post-event damage estimates yields the re-occupancy index for the damaged buildings. As an example study, this method is applied to the low rise steel frame building against the assumed Nankai megathrust earthquake.

In order to accurately estimate soil volume in debris flow areas, nonlinear mapping technique is applied to multitemporal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from LiDAR data observed before and after the 2014 Hiroshima rainstorm. Geometric distortions between the pre- and post-event DEMs are remarkably reduced by the nonlinear mapping. The erosion and deposition volumes in the debris flow areas are estimated by the elevation change between the DEMs. The result shows that the soils of approximately 700,000 cubic meters are mobilized in the rainstorm. The multi-temporal results of the soil volume estimation quantitatively reveal the volumes removed after the disaster.

When natural disasters strike, such as tsunamis and floods, survivors are sometimes isolated in disaster-affected areas. For searching those people more quickly, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which can be easily operated by remote control, is believed to have the capability. In order to make the search activity using UAV more reliable and efficient, methods for detecting survivors automatically are necessary. In this study, by applying several image analysis methods to the images taken with UAV, the authors tried detecting humans from those images with high accuracy. As a result, the authors succeeded to detect them with zero to eight misdetections and little nondetections by utilizing their whole bodies, upper bodies, shadows, and line segments in the images.

In this paper, we discuss our estimation methods for the number of ignition fires after a great earthquake. In the Great East-Japan Earthquake, occurred on March 11 2011, 404 fires happened in Eastern Japan area. We proposed three types statistical models (Generalized Linear Model, Generalized Linear Mixed Model and Hierarchical Bayesian Models) and estimated their parameters using Maximum Likelihood Estimation or Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods. And, we calculated several risk maps for post-earthquake fires. For example, according to Population Exposure to Earthquake Fires, people in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Osaka have extremely high ignition risk after a great earthquake. Finally, we proposed realtime estimation method for the number of post-earthquake fire using these statistical models.

This study focuses on the scheduling in public real estate management (PREM) and proposes a method to optimize the scheduling using real option approach considering seismic risk. The seismic risk is represented by risk curves using Is value, which is a structural performance index. The risk curve is evaluated with a loss curve derived from a fragility curve, which represents the seismic vulnerability of a building, and a hazard curve, which represents the seismic risk at the site location. The damage due to earthquakes and its occurrence probability are modelled using the Monte Carlo simulation. Through the case study of a retrofitting problem of school facilities, it is confirmed that the proposed method can derive the optimal retrofit schedule with a reduced cost and risk of damage due to earthquakes.

Recently two big earthquakes happened in Awajishima Island in 2013 and Iyonada Sea off the coast of Western Shikoku in 2014. Similarity was that both earthquakes happened early in the morning while residents were sleeping. This is a study of the behavior of the residents on the coast where it is supposed to be hit by tsunamis by the next Nankai Trough Earthquake. One’s experience of the last big earthquake may have affected the behavior at the above mentioned earthquake was found. The author suggests some ideas to cope with the future Nankai Trough Earthquake and its tsunami, such as influence of the disaster mitigation education at school to the community.