This paper studies an evaluation of municipality-level countermeasures against an earthquake based on a questionnaire survey for the affected area by the Oct.6,2000 Tottoriken-seibu earthquake.Major items in questionnaire are plan and preparedness in prior stage and actual operation following an earthquake.Analysis was conducted in two points of view.The first one was to attempt an ordering of each of response items in planning and actual operation as a function of seismic intensity and the second one was to characterize the mutual relation among plan,preparedness and actual operation. And，such comparative analysis gave suggestions to which way the existing municipality-level countermeasures should be developed.

The demand for institutions for welfare of aged people increases more and more as aging society progresses,but the weakness in such institutions are pointed out on an urban earthquake disaster. Moreover,it is clear that the aged people in the region suffers the damage which interferes to the life afterwards even if immediate damage such as an eaｒthquake ground motion is escaped,and relates to the eaｒthquake. Then,what expectation was done mutually, and what kind of suppoｒt you expected was clarified in this study because it was thought that there was a necessity of the cooperation between institutions for welfare of aged people and regional town councils to makeup for mutual advantages and faults.

This paper is written about the problem of housing reconstruction after Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake disaster.There are many reports which were written about housing reconstruction plannning after Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.We gave an account of the problem which victims face on at the present days by questionnaire survey.We make it clear that follows; 1 Dwellers who live in the public housing for Earthquake victim have an afimative opinion of thier living condition. 2 Because of the 'simple-line program of housing reconstruction policy',the personality in the damaged area has changed and it is difficult for old dwellers to return the same zone. 3 Six years have passed since 1995,but the life condition in the damaged area is still hard.Specially,economic condition is very hard there.

This paper showed 3 points;1)2001 Survey data replicated the all of the basic findings obtained for 1999 Survey to provide quantitative estimates for post-earthquake disaster responses;2)After the impact,33.2% of respondents were evacuated,and 41.9% of those moved to emergency shelters.At 100th and 1000th hours,around 20% of evacuees stayed at families'or relatives' houses.After several years,91.4% of respondents had already moved back to their own housmg,while 12.8% of evacuees stayed at private rental apartments and 5.1 % stayed at government-supplied free temporary housing; 3) it was within the first 150 hours that the information regarding housing and resettlement was sought especially by the elderly or victims whose houses were severely damaged.

The seven elements model of socio-economic recovery from the Kobe Earthquake was formed as a result of the grass roots workshops in Kobe 5th year Assessment.This study examined the validity of the model by a questionnaire survey,2001 Kobe Panel Survey,with the follwing procedure:1)developing a scale measuring psychological assessment of life-restoration 2)searching the causality between the life-restoration scale and the seven elements of life recovery 3)building the general linear model of psychological life restoration determined on the seven elements model of socio-economic recovery from the Kobe Earthquake.

The mobile internet service that started operating in February 1999 has obtained about 40 million users in only two years.It is predicted that as the internet is clearly giving way to the mobile internet,the IT(Information Technology) revolution will be driven by the mobile internet in the near future.A study of a system of providing river information through internet linked cellular phones(i-mode etc.),has demonstrated that as a way of providing river information not only to river managers,but to the general public,it will be as important or even more important than the internet and other media.Since 2000,FRICS(Foundation of River & Basin Integrated Communications)has been carrying out concrete development and trial operation of this system.This report describes the state of development of this river information provision system with mobile internet access system.

It is well known that the surface soil condition and the micro topography are influential to the seismic intensity of the ground and hence to the seismic damages.In this paper a study in which maps in the old times are compared with those in the present time is first made to come up with the topography.This topography is then compared with H/V spectra computed from the microtremor observations that have been conducted at a total of 155 locations in the city of Chiba.It was confirmed that the H/V spectra have strong relationship with micro topography.It was also found that the ratio between horizontal and vertical amplitudes of the computed fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves corresponds well with observed H/V spectra from the viewpoint of frequency dependency.

The present paper deals with building damages near fault rupture.The great fault ruptures appeared and severe building damage occurred in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.To determine the degree of damage and relation between damage pattern and surface rupture,a survey was conducted around Fonyuan,Wufong and Chaotuen where the damage to buildings was severe and the fault scarp appeared at the ground surface.Survey of fault damage evaluation of buildings and micro tremor measurements were conducted in the study area.The effect of distance from fault rupture on the damage level of buildings was discussed.

In order to investigate the cause of building damage concentration in Gandhidham city,the microtremor measurement on the soil surface and buildings are performed.None of the H/V spectra show a clear peak and the soil conditions cannot be accounted for the damage concentration from the microtremor measurements.However,from the survey it is inferred that the quality of construction and the number of stories may be related to the building damage.Furthermore,it is presumed that the earthquake motion intensity of Gandhidham was IX grade on MSK seismic intensity scale.

This paper summarizes the process of building damage assessments,which were conducted in the Tottori-ken Seibu earthquake,and identifies the problems encountered in performing building damage assessments through interviews with disaster responders of the local government.The relationship between damage patterns and repair cost is determined from the analysis of cases of Abe-hikona District,Yonago,where was broad damage of detached houses by liquefaction.Finally,effective damage assessment system for detached wooden houses affected by liquefaction is proposed and it should provide information on housing damages in a much more timely fashion.

Recent damaging earthquakes have clearly revealed that retrofitting of existing pre-code-revision structures is the key issue for earthquake disaster reduction in Japan.Unfortunately,this practice is not extended,especially for non-public use structures such as residential buildings.These weak structures will certainly suffer great damage and cause a negative impact when a big earthquake strikes our society.Why the retrofitting of residential buildings has not been implemented yet? We think that the reason for this is the lack of a proper law and a system by which retrofitting activities become popular among the population.Therefore,in this paper,we propose a new system/measures to promote retrofitting activities.In order to show the efficiency of the proposed system from the government and residents viewpoints,we introduce the results of simulations performed on the basis of the building damage data during Kobe earthquake and the building stock data in Nakahara ward of Kawasaki City.

This paper presents a trial investigation on the technical view creating the wisdoms of structures, constructions, and livehoods concerning traditional Japanese wooden houses. The remarkable characteristics of the view is that traditional houses have usually multiple preparation systems for natural hazards, both in the structures themselves and also outside of the structures. First, the mechanics of their traditional basic timber structures are explained. These basically support various natural loads. The multi-preparation structural systems, especially the resistance or acceptance of earthquakes, are then interpreted as a hypothesis. Moreover, the wisdoms to prepare by selecting safer sites and by endeavoring to have simpler daily lives are illustrated.

The disaster process or recovery process is an essential factor as well as the knowing hazards for disaster management.Many pictures of the same location by same interval were taken after the 1995 Kobe earthquake sand the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquakes.Physical Recovery Index from a disaster was developed.This system is able to distribute the images of disaster process thought the Internet by setting up CCD camera at the impacted area.This system is usable not only for recording Recovery Index for a disaster but also for actual disaster management.

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the distribution of Human Activity as the Earthquake Damage Potential using DMSP/OLS (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Optical Linescan System) night-time imagery which capture city lights reflecting extent of human activity, incidentally. Since original task of DMSP satellites is to monitor cloud distribution clearly, intensity and location of city light captured in night-time imagery are affected by various factors such as gain control along moon phase, clouds, lightening and noises. We propose a method to extract stable city light statistically using time-series data of night-time imagery and examine how the extracted city lights correspond to distribution of population as one of the damage potentials.

In order to grasp the damage distribution of wooden houses in Kanagawa Prefecture during the 1923 Kanto Earthquake,several damage statics data are collected and examined. Large discrepancies in the number of damaged wooden houses are found among the data.This is mainly due the use of different units in the data. Based on the most reliable data compiled by the Kanagawa Prefecture Agricultural Association,the more accurate map of the damage distribution of wooden houses is drawn.According to the map,the collapse rate tends to be higher in the southern part of Kanagawa Prefecture,for example,more than 60% in the Sagami and Sakawa valleys.In the Sagami valley,it is confirmed that the collapse rate is correlated with the thickness of alluvial layers.

Four-category building damage classification scheme has been used for the index of individual assistance in Japan. However,there are many troubles about this damage assessment.Construction of damage assessment system with both accurate and effective is essential factor for effective disaster management to reduce the suffering of victims.This paper deals with the accuracy of building damage assessment.The first step to establish the damage assessment system that makes the accurate building damage assessment possible is to know physical situation of damage assessment results and critical damage patterns in damage assessment.This paper clarifies that 1) the characteristics of the damage assessment by local government,2) a physically critical damage pattern in damage assessment.

Many damages to railway facilities are reported in the past earthquakes. Especially in the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, totally thirty-two railway bridges were collapsed.Fortunately the train accident caused by the damaged bridge has not been reported so far. Although the large earthquake that strongly affects the train behavior hardly occurs,the effect of the accident to the human society is unpredictable once such large earthquake has occurred.In this study,we modeled trains and inside passengers as the distinct elements and simulated their behaviors by DEM.The impact force to the modeled human body is computed and compared with the results of the experiments subject to the car accident for the calibration of the parameters. It is found that the velocity of 50-60km/h is a transition Speed for both behaviors of the trains and the passengers.

A method for the quantitative evaluation of casualties due to an earthquake is proposed. Using data attained from surveys covered out in the aftermath of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, we proposed formulae expressing the relation between the ratio of casualties and damage to residential buildings. These formulae were obtained for each degree of injury ratio including deaths, inpatients,serious and slight injuries taking into account several damage indicators of residential buildings. The results show that each degree of injury ratio can be explained by using proper indicator in the proposed formulae. Accordingly, medical cost in case of injuries caused by an earthquake is determined using these formulae.

When a strong earthquake hits an urban area in the daytime,the traffic system would be paralyzed and massive commuter will be left in their work places.According to some studies,many commuters would face difficulties to go home. Although many countermeasures are required for both public and private sectors having offices in the CBD:Central Business District,current level of their program is not enough.To seek a clue to solve this"unavoidable remaining in CBD" issue,we focus on commuters who could be allowed to leave their offices during an earthquake disaster.This paper analyses and discusses factors behind their way of decision-making in countermeasures for the"unavoidable remaining in CBD''.

Authors observed mcrotremors in Fukui Plain to study relationships between characteristics of microtremors and the damage of wooden houses caused by the 1948 Fukui Earthquake.By the distribution maps of predominant periods using H/V spectral ratio and damaged ratios of wooden houses,the distribution of the short periods corresponded to the low damaged ratios.And the long periods distributed on alluvial deposit in the western part from the earthquake fault.The high damaged ratios at the sites of alluvial deposit are located within 8km from the earthquake fault,but these decreased farther than 8km.The predominant periods are related with the thickness of alluvial deposit.We conclude that the earthquake damages are related with the dynamic charactenstics of surface geology in this area.

Three emergency housing policies implement after Taiwan earthquake that are temporary housing,selling public housings and rent subsidies;approximately 800 thousands victims chose rent subsidies.To grasp the living condition and connection between rent subsidies and housing reconstruction,a questionnaire investigation to victims who received rent subsidies held in summer,2000 in this study.As the result,it is valuable that most victims used rent subsidies as fund of housing reconstruction,especially on repairing housing though it should be used as displaced support.However,most victims have fund problems about housing recovery which cannot be ignored.

The Earthquake,dated January 26,2001,caused tragic damage to the Gujrat States,western part of India.NGOs have been playing active roles to support communities,which is highly appreciated by the public,Community empowerment and participation are keys to implement their livelihoods rehabilitation and reconstruction.In order to better carry out community-based activities,NGOs have enhanced their established relationships with communities,and developed their partnership and coordination with the Govemments of India and international institutions. Key Words:Indian NGOs,Community-based rehabilitation & reconstruction,Community empowerment and participation,Partnership and coordination among NGOs,governments and international institutions.

The new method is proposed to estimate damaged areas using the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System(DMSP/OLS)nighttime imagery for the Early Damaged Area Estimation System (EDES).The former method uses two-acquisition-date images of pre-and post-events,but it has problems of weakness for cloud influence,misdetection of damaged areas due to water reflection of city lights,and tendency to neglect damages in small towns.To address these problems,the proposed method employs significant tests on a pixel basis based on each pixel's average and standard deviation,which are evaluated from time-series images during gain stable periods around new moon phases.

It is well known that the systematical description of the disaster process is very important information for establishing the disaster mtigation strategy.For the systematical analysis of the disaster process,the disaster ethnography is recognized as one of the useful research method.This paper presents a methodology for identifying the disaster processes and extracting the common structures in the processes.An example analysis is carried out for the case of the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster.

In order to make disaster preparedness education effective,it is first required that the contents to be educated should be identified and then systematically represented.In this paper,we tried to develop a way to systematize the knowledge on earthquake disaster mitigation.First,we run an experiment in which undergraduate students were asked to identify the elements of the knowledge on earthquake disaster mitigation from the 22 existing video teaching materials.Next,we experts in earthquake disasters systematized these extracted elements to construct a system of knowledge on earthquake disaster mitigation by applying the method of Semantic Network,which has been studied as a way of Representing Knowledge in the fields of Artificial lntelligence and Cognitive Science.

While a concept of the probabilistic scenario earthquakes is useful to determine the scenario earthquakes at a specific site corresponding to the target seismic hazard level,it is difficult to extend it into the regional seismic risk assessment.This study proposes a new method which is called the "risk-consistent scenario earthquakes"for the determination of the scenario earthquakes on the basis of the probabilistic seismic risk analysis.It can be applied to the regional disaster mitigation by using the portfolio seismic risk.Case studies of the risk-consistent scenario earthquakes for Chubu region are demonstrated.

In earthquake damage assessment,it is common to combine estimation methods for different damage items to make the integrated estimation.There are some damages items,and for each item there are so many estimation methods.Therefore,a lot of combination is possible.However,various definitions are used among the input or output parameters of thie estimation methods,thus careless combination of those methods in the estimation flow would produce incorrect estimation results.In this paper,we put our focus on the differences in building damage ranks and definitions such as"collapse''and"heavy damage'',and extract the allowable combination of the estimation methods.

Even though seismic risk assessment is done with a large unit,the actual disaster mtigation countermeasure in residential areas is always done in very small scale.This study established a simulator,with microscopic view,that can show damage of each building,street,and person,and that can explain the effect of small anti-disaster facilities. The authors applied this simulator to an old and densely built and inhabited residential area and analyzed the risk. The simulation showed us that there happen many brocaded street links and many missing people after a large earthquake,and that a small evacuation area doesn't play a role due to collapsed buildings and street blockades.

We studied the guide-map of earthquake emergency management for individuals, which were published by Department of Management Management of each Ward Office in Tokyo. We conducted two kinds of Questiormaire surveys,one was for office stuff who managed the publication of guide map, and another was for residents in two ward-areas who used guide map. As results, both the gap between demands of residents and actual maps and the defense of Information contents among ward-areas are clarified. On the bases of these surveys, We propose two kinds of new guide maps for urban earthquake disaster. One is a guide map in scale of 1:5,000 for residents to defend their town and people through rescue, fire-fighting, evacuation and other activities by themselves, which informed the details of districts and facilities.Another guide map is in scale of 1:50,000, which is for commuters who are difficult to come home because of long distance to home to walk through the congested ward-areas.

It is important for effective utilization of earthquake information to gasp the resident's intention of earthquake damage mitigation based on earthquake information.This study analyzed the consciousness and factors relating with earthquake damage mitigation through questionnaire investigation in high-risk areas for earthquake.Firstly,characteristics of acknowledgment for earthquake information are shown.Secondly,the factors of the action and the idea relating with damage mitigation are analyzed.Lastly,the factors of the damagemitigation demands are examined by covariance structure analysis.Results indicate that attachment to area tends to decrease awareness of danger(s)and etc.

Not so many municipal authorities in Japan have prepared the regional mitigation plans based on seismic hazard and risk assessment.As the result of this,most of authorities seem to adopt the standardized disaster prevention plans not paying attention to the regional characteristics such as seismic circumstances,geological conditions,and social backgrounds.In spite of that regional seismic risk is characterized by provoking causes and primary causes,there are some studies on the latter one.In this paper,we gave an example of the rule of making decision about the priority of mitigation plans from the point of view of rural settlement typology,which is an element of primary causes.We applied the method of paired comparisons to decision-making on priority measures for earthquake prevention planning.

This paper aims at analysing the sufferer's evaluation toward the reconstruction plan and the life reconstmction support,This survey was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 498 sufferers who had reconstructed in Kobe City in 1998.As a result,the items of the lowest evaluation were life support,administrative response,financial support system.Items with which the sufferers were satisfied were the completement of reconstruction projects and various services and supports by Local government.Many of the sufferers are unsatisfactory and a few of them are satisfactory with the public recovery and reconstruction measures.