Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of a health education program aimed at lifestyle modification on subjective sleep quality of male students in an evening university. Subjects: The subjects were 119 male freshmen in an evening university. Method: This study compared the effects of different programs on two groups: (1) an intervention group employing behavioral change skills (self-monitoring and goal setting) and (2) a control group employing no behavioral change skills. Both programs involved 13 classes that were conducted every week. Of these, four classes comprised guidance and health-related lectures that were held in the classroom and nine classes included sports activities. In the intervention group, the program included lectures on behavioral change skills and three types of out-of-class practical assignments on physical education as homework. The Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure subjective sleep quality. PSQI could reveal the scores of seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication and daytime dysfunction. PSQI also generated one global score of subjective sleep quality, which is the sum of the seven component scores. A higher score indicates poorer sleep quality in PSQI. Results: Analysis of variances (ANOVAs) showed that the sleep duration score (p<0.001), sleep disturbances score (p<0.10), and PSQI global score (p<0.10) were the main effects for time at which subjective sleep quality worsened in both groups. On the other hand, main effects for group and group×time interaction were not observed in the ANOVAs. Conclusion: The intervention program for lifestyle modification did not have adequate positive effects with respect to the improvement in subjective sleep quality in male students in an evening university. Therefore, the program for lifestyle modification should be improved in order to enhance favorable sleep quality.

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Objective: A variety of mental diseases are accompanied by depression. It was also been indicated that there are depressive patients who have no awareness of their own depression problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between DSM-IV diagnoses and medical consultation. Subjects and Method: 66 depressive patients were selected as subjects out of 1544 patients who had the first psychiatric interview from April 1999 till March 2001, who showed no check marks to all N questions of CMI. Examination also included personal background, symptoms, and therapeutic process. Results: 70.3% of patients showed subjective depressive symptoms, and their diagnosis varied. With regard to recognition of symptoms, females recognized more depression than males. Their main symptoms were physical complaints, which have much analogy with "masked depression". 47.1% of patients showed general improvements, and 38.1% of subjects with major depressive disorder showed improvement. Conclusion: It is rather difficult to conclude that the therapy is always successful. We still need to solve such therapeutic probrems, as rack of awareness of disease, resistance against treatment, psychological by inducing factors, and a leave of absence from work.

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Objective: It is well known that young females are at increased risk to eating disorders (EDs), especially to sub clinical EDs, and that they are related to their own peculiar perceptions. However little is known about sex differences with reference to multi-perceptions of EDs. We therefore report on sex differences not only in multi-perceptions but also in comprehensive perceptions using hypothetical models for EDs in healthy collage students. Methods: 262 healthy adolescents completed a questionnaire relating to their views on hypercompetitive attitude, gender tendency, eating attitude, and their ideal versus current body size and shape. Statistical analysis was made using the SPSS/PC Factor software, and AMOS. Results: Females, as compared to males, showed a tendency to perceive their current body image as bigger (t(260)=2.35, p<0.01), and ideal body as thinner (t(260)=2.48, p<0.0001) than they really are. Path analysis revealed similarities and differences between males and females. Body dissatisfaction and femininity are the variables influencing eating attitude only in females. Competitive attitude is the variable influencing more eating attitude in males than in females. Our results suggest that there are fundamental differences between men and women in these models. We recommend that it may be better to make devided cognitive models for males and females.

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