In libraries and information service, what do classification and classificatory thinking imply for information professionals? Regarding this point, the significance of classification, a time-saving resource management, classification in information retrieval, the effect of classificatory thinking in conducting information service, the importance of predictability, interdisciplinarity, the weakness of search by words and a tendency in searching through OPAC are argued. An example of mismanaging a classification schedule is introduced. Classificatory thinking should have a basic position in libraries and information services.

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You have to classify the things in the world you live, when you recognize the world. Biological classification is the way to recognize the biological world we belong. We recognize each individual by classifying it into classes. For example, I belong to some of the classes, namely, "men" "university employees" "old men" and so on. Biological classification is a science to recognize the biological world by discriminating individuals into classes under a scientific classification system.

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With regard to the development of the terminology in the field of visual resources and cultural history, ICONCLASS which was organized on the basis of imagery, may be defined as an ontology in a domain of the cultural imagery of the west. Applying the ICONCLASS to a collection of images, it becomes possible to share the wealth of iconographic knowledge which has been accumulated by ICONCLASS users including the major organizations in the relevant field.

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There is Human Relations Area Files(HRAF) which was developed as file material for comparing researches of world cultures at Yale University, and it is still used all over the world. We became the sponsoring member of HRAF in 1976. Offer of the file information and the training association of use are held as Inter-University Research Institute, and National Museum of Ethnology has been tried to promote of utilization and to announce to public. Moreover, In National Museum of Ethnology, HRAF is not only made the best use of for the research but also the OWC classification that is one of the classification methods of HRAF is given to the classification of the owning material like the specimen material and the document books material, etc. It is thought that the time has come when we have to find the way to make better use of HRAF. It is changing the medium from the paper file to the Web version and has steadily increased the number of members.

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Workers of bookstores pick up new titles and bring them to the most suitable bookshelf.Workers of libraries give the proper call number to every book they get. For booksellers and librarians, "classification" is an everyday work. Both bookstores and libraries are the space where readers meet books, but there are several differences in the works of booksellers and librarians. The differences bring the differences of codes and work process. And besides, I refer to the difficulties in "classification" itself. I consider the "evolution" of books highly relevant to the difficulties. I find some examples of the "evolution" in the recent current of human science books.

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The progress of information and communication technologies has enabled us to obtain much more information than before. The huge volume of information needs to be categorized by computer in order for us to use it efficiently.Categorization is also useful for computers, i.e., for intelligent information processing. In this paper, we discuss basic techniques for devising concepts for categorization by computer. The techniques include formal concept analysis to enumerate concepts for categorization, clustering to construct concepts, and catalog integration to integrate categorizations with different concept hierarchies.

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Long-term preservation of electronic journals is a hot topic among libraries and publishers. It will preserve electronic journal contents so that they will continue to be available even in the case of disaster, termination of services from publishers, and termination of subscriptions (perpetual access). Two system, i.e., LOCKSS developed by the team of Stanford University Library, and its application product, CLOCKSS, and Portico, developed by JSTOR, etc., are discussed.

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