While giving market is much smaller in Japan than the US and the UK, the market size is expected to expand in the future. It is important for nonprofits to implement fundraising processes, from the target setting, list up of potential donors, solicitation to listed clients, and stewardship after receiving contributions. It is also necessary to use new fundraising methods, such as matching gift, cause related marketing and crowd funding. Nonprofit managers need to monitor the efficiency or the cost benefit of fundraising activities. Universities should take positive roles in providing courses for training fundraisers with professional skills.

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Fundraising is the very important tool not only to raise fund to implement certain project but to connect donors and beneficiaries to raise friendship, and fundraiser is a person to build a bridge between them. Fundraising programs should not be implemented haphazardly. Having limited time and human resources, Shanti Volunteer Association (SVA) utilizes donor pyramid to manage and operate the fundraising programs. In this paper, I introduce how SVA uses donor pyramid, let our donors step up inside the pyramid and what kinds of fundraising programs implemented in each layer.

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The trend of crowd funding, a new raising system of money using internet is commented based on the operating experience of READYFOR?, one of the typical crowd funding systems. Systems of crowd funding in Japan as well as key to success of the money raising obtained through READYFOR? cases are especially explained.

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"Ama Library supporting project" has been started by a group of interested people to enrich a collection of books of the Central Library of Ama Town, Okinoshima Island where book reading is promoted in the whole island. A member of the library staffs, who is involved in the project as one of the interested people, makes a report of the real state of a new activity of appealing for book contribution all over the country through crowd funding along with a report of the library activities.

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This article intends to present an overview of fundraising practices in academic and public libraries in the U.S. It consists of two parts. First, Hiroyuki and Kazuyo Good discuss a variety of successful fundraising cases with a concentration in academic and public libraries. In the second part, Masanori Koizumi scrutinizes the fundraising process in the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh drawing upon the interviews with library director, managers, and librarians. This study identifies various effective fundraising strategies employed by public and academic libraries in the U.S.: specialists, often in collaboration with librarians, take the lead in fundraising; they tend to invest in innovative services; fundraising initiatives are closely linked to strategic management.

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A certain difference in research paper submission behavior between Science and Engineering researchers at Japanese Science/Engineering universities was observed. In general, researchers in Science tend to submit articles, written in English, to journals published mainly in English, while researchers in Engineering tend to write articles in both English and Japanese and publish these in both English and Japanese journals. Dramatic growth and development of various functions in the Google Scholar paid database permit statistical analyses and evaluation of trends in scholarly publications. Top 100 publications, based on access frequency, from the Google Scholar database were analyzed for correlation between the amount of grants-in-aid awarded to researchers and the numbers of publications, specially in the fields of Information, Electrical, Electronic Engineering, Environment and Natural disasters, Energy Sciences etc. The observed results show a direct correlation between the amount of research monetary aid and the number of research papers submitted for publication.

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