The basics of color science are described from the viewpoints of optics, psychophysics, and colorimetry. First, the three elements of color creation are introduced and the fact that color is a perception reflecting spectral information mediated by light is confirmed. Then, the relationship between spectral distribution and attributes (hue, saturation, lightness) is considered. Color order systems and colorimetry are introduced by discussing the color vision trichromacy. In addition, through the concept of metamerism, the principles and problems of color rendering devices are discussed. In the latter half of the paper, various color vision phenomena are introduced, and their mechanisms and functions are described. Finally, some ideas and applications related to color vision characteristics and color vision diversity are introduced.

Color order systems are arranged following certain rules based on human color perception, color stimuli, or object colors, and have been developed for communication. In this paper, the historical background of the color order system will be discussed, and the mechanism of primary colors, full colors (pure colors), and complementary colors (opposite colors) will be compared. The color wheel is not only a simple round chart of the colors of the rainbow but also helps to explain physiological perception such as complementary afterimages. The three attributes (hue, value, and chroma) and color solid made common by the Munsell color system and the systems used in Japan will also be reviewed.

Two color plannings for educational facilities are introduced and discussed. One is a renovation for students’ accommodations and other facilities in campus of the University of Tsukuba. We used accent colors along building shape and used the same base color to adjacent buildings. Another is a reconstruction for high school facilities, the Tsuchiura Third Senior High School. We used colors that are rarely used outside as the accent colors and then the originality has been enhanced. Each interior accent color was selected from the image color of each special room. I concluded that the results of these color plannings were positive effects on students.

This article summarizes the methods to make materials that are easy to read and understand, under the topic of color universal design. Visual performances depend on color vision deficiency or change of color vision cause of aging. That’s why there are patterns of color scheme which is hard to see, and if we select colors based on it, all sorts of people can get comfortable color design. This article describes the basics of color science such as three attributes of color, tone, expression of an image by color scheme, functional effects. Also, this article introduces five points for efficient design: visual attraction, visibility, readability, legibility, and use of colors to make materials.

Color Universal Design (CUD), which takes into consideration the diversity of color vision, is being demanded by society. How do people with color discrimination difficulties see colors? This section describes how society has treated them and how information should be conveyed in color as intended.

In this study, we focused on two foreign companies as successful examples of new entrants in the commoditized vacuum cleaner market, and clarified the factors that enabled them to gain a high market share in the market. We collected and analyzed intellectual property information and internet information, and examined the IP strategies of the companies based on a strategy deployment map and SWOT analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the two companies have a distinctive filing tendency in the vacuum cleaner market category (cyclone and robot vacuum cleaner). In addition, it was found that both companies have acquired a high share of the vacuum cleaner market through their brand power, even though similar products have appeared.