This paper summarizes dynamic network analyses utilizing cumulative arrival and departure curves under point as well as physical queues. First, a relationship between the cumulative curve under point and physical queue concepts and time-space diagram is explained. Second, dynamic traffic assignments with three principles of DUO (Dynamic User Optimal), DUE (Dynamic User Equilibrium), and DSO (Dynamic System Optimal) are formulated. Finally, theoretical past research outcomes on departure time choice, which is as important as route choice, are reviewed.

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Well understanding a behavior and/or psychological disposition underlying the behavior is sometimes, or rather often, indispensable in order to understanding macroscopic transportation phenomenon. The discrete-choice model, which has been used as a behavioral model in transportation researches, is not always appropriate in terms of psychological theories, whereas findings of psychological disposition related to travel behavior might be able to yield some policy implication. A simulation model which accounts for psychological dispositions is one alternative methodology of travel demand analysis.If a simulation model is used for the purpose of quantitative demand analysis, the regional and social consensus of the interpretation of the simulation result is indispensable. If it is used for the purpose of qualitative understanding of macroscopic phenomenon, the behavioral or psychological model embedded in the simulation model must be valid empirically and theoretically, and the appropriate verbal discussions based on the numerical simulation results are indispensable.

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The purpose of this paper is to review the environmental economics approaches to evaluate environmental amenities, other non-market goods and services. The paper first examines the accuracy and availability of some method of evaluate to environmental goods. Finally, this papers showed that the existence value of environmental quality is defined by compensating variation within the context of simple partial equilibrium model as based on revealed preference model.

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This study evaluates the economic value which is gotten by environment creation. The evaluation technique used only CVM which can be evaluated in the value of the natural environment. It set development business on the artificial beach in the Tokyo bay as the virtual policy and the evaluation went with the questionnaire investigation to ask WTP will sum to this of. It did investigation in the Edogawa ward which faces a Tokyo bay, the 50 km left Kawagoe city, the Maebashi city before 100 km are familiarized and it grasped the influence which the distance from the coastline exerts on the evaluation.

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This paper describes the classification of value in Historical Heritages as Non-market Goods, the measurement of two Use Value of the Historical Heritages in Kyoto City with money term. The Use Value as Travelling Resources for each Historical Heritage is evaluated by Travel Cost Method, considering the tourists' activity for Historical Heritages. The Use Value as Living Environment is evaluated by Hedonic Approach, considering for the time and spatial trend of land price.

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It is important to study themselves community under the state of a citizen participate urban planning. The study is due to prove the possibility that elementary school as a place of the community planning study and support system.
This paper, first off introduce history and cases about community study (which called urban study, also) in Japan and foreign, and indicate effects and problem on those.And we analyze Japanese picture and consciousness survey of teachers, a local government, parents to this project. And we suggest a system for spread the project and indicate a future subject around the study.

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Now urban planning system in each developed countries is required to respond many latest planning requirements, such as to settle environmental conflict, to encourage public participation and to promote decentralization. This study focuses in Norwegian several trials to clarifies how planning of the new era is going on. The importance of the “local rule” on making master plan and the limitation of the anti-sectionalizm for landuse-transport planning are significant findings of this research.

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To improve the water quality in the river, cooperation between many interests, especially upstream and downstream, is important. Whether cooperation can be developed depends on the cost allocation method for project implemented on the base of their cooperation. Thus it is concern that what cooperation structure can arise endogenously under a cost allocation method. To deal with the improvement of river, spillover between upstream and downstream is one of the typical problem. In this study, we model the development of cooperation between upstream and downstream under a cost allocation method with spillover considered by use of game theory.

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It was started to construct of a modern capitalist nation with the Meiji Restoration as a momentum in Japan. Therefore we are thought that a lot of local cities, while being influenced bymodernization policy. But it was not cleared to a process of coming into existence for transportation system in local cities, differ from a process of constructed in transportation facilities.
We try to make clear with a process of coming into existence for transportationsystem from the feudal days to modernization, in case of Ashikaga in Tochigi. As a result, we have found new materials for a historical land transportation company. Furthermore, we have made clear with a transportation system in modern ages by examination of there materials.

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We tried to find how and what factors of the tunnel entrance are affecting the drivers' behavior. We developed the driving simulator using the technology of virtual reality. It can have an experience on expressway indirectly and collect the data of drivers' behavior. This study investigates the reproducibility of the reliance on drivers' behavior from the driving simulator and the method of experiment using it. Concretely, we have confirmed the reproducibility of data such as speed, the usage of accelerator, the point of vision, and slow-down at the entrance of tunnel. We analysis the reliance the design of tunnel entrance on drivers' behavior by the alternative of tunnel entrance.

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In multi-agent infrastructure projects, such as water resources development, the allocation of cost and benefit is a critical problem. The estimation of benefit generally needs the information owned by agents. When the allocation rule applied is based on the principle that the agent taking more benefit should be burdened with more costs, agents have the incentive to make false statements on their benefits. In this paper, the efficiency of net benefit allocation scheme based on self revelation is analyzed using game theory with imcomplete information.

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The environmental regulation should accompany with the long-term effect that under the regulation regulated firms have incentive to develop and introduce new technologies to decrease their environmental load. While many research have been conducted to analyze efficiency and effectiveness of short-term function of environmental regulation-how to induce compliance to required environmental standards, very little have been done for the long-term effects-how to induce incentive of regulated agents to develop and introduce new environmental technologies. This study analyzes the incentive of regulated firms to develop new environmental technology under the environmental regulations, and clarify how the regulator or government can induce the long-term incentive of the regulatees while maintaining their short-term compliance.

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This study aims at examining the methods for relaxing non-response biases in travel diary data. EM algorithm is employed to correct the biases existing in the hypothetical data sets including item and unit non-responses. A result of the analysis shows that the EM algorithm is significantly capable to improve the biases in mean and variance of variables and model parameters in a case of high correlation among variables. Moreover, it is confirmed that the EM algorithm is more effective in correcting the non-response biases in the estimated parameters of travel demand models as compared with the conventional imputation by using the actually observed travel diary data.

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This paper attempts to provide with some simulation experiments for the policy driven development by revealing how city systems evolve throught time in response to policy initiatives for network formation.By assuming that the government applies cost-benefit evaluation rules to improve railway network one by one, the paper illustrates that city systems will evolve in such a manner that population will indeed cluster in some dominant locations, and that they depend both on the geographical conditions and historical order of network improvement.

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The traditional Cost-Benefit Analysis has a limitation that it can evaluate a project only on the efficiency criterion. This study proposes Cost-Benefit Analysis with Regional Weight so that a project can be evaluated on both efficiency and equity criteria. Regional Weight is a coefficient to add an extra benefit to a regional benefit considering inter-regional imbalance. This study showed that this coefficient could be derived from social welfare function. Also the easiness and practicality of this method is shown in a case study. The Regional Weight illustrated in the case would be a proto-type for practical use.

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Absolute Measurement Approach of AHP set some absolute criterion, and the weighting is carried out by its evaluation to the examinee. Then, it is a method for evaluating each alternative by this weight.In comparison with Relative Measurement Approach, this can reduce burden to the examinee. However, the process of the weighting of absolute criterion becomes burden to the examinee. Then, I constructed weight theory of criterion from the viewpoint of Psychophysics. In addition, semantics weight of each criterion is set from this theory.
And I propose that the process is called Semantics Measurement Approach.

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There are contradictions between safty and tourism promotion in senic spot. View of resident on life or death do not agree with view of safty first. A study aims to analyze consciousness of each situation and examination of steps in a sonic spot involved risk by ANP.

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Recently, the importance of the public involvement in long range transportation planning are widely recognized. But it is difficult to involve the citizens, because they are not interested in long range transportation plan but the projects. In this paper, a large citizen survey was carried out to the Japanese citizens in order to analyze their attitude to participate on the planning process. The result showed that people who hesitate to tell his or her opinion in front of others such as attendance at the public meeting can explain it by using citizen survey.

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The growth and decline of shopping agglomerations in inner cities are varied in mechanism. In the causal relations, the mechanism of growth or decline may be non-monotonic so that the effects of contributing factors are diversified. In this paper, we developed a method that can adopt a well-formed formula defined in propositional logic, and the formula could represent the non-monotonicity of the Artificial Neural Network. We applied this method to the analysis of shopping agglomerations. The result of the analysis found out that there are some factors, such as the share of neighbor shops, which show non-monotonicity in the Tokyo Metropolitan area.

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Appropriate prediction on recreational activities in weekends is needed. However, weekend's recreations have little periodicity or reproductivity, it's difficult to catch their mechanism because generations of activities are complexly affected by many conditions. In this study, we observe weekend's recreations together with weekday's activities, and analyze the structure of evaluation on weekday's and weekend's time use by application of the co-variance structure analysis. We find that in order to improve a whole satisfaction of daily life, weekend's activities rather than that of weekday's, and family activities rather than individual's are more important factors.

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The traffic fare had often been decided on the basis of the cost, and many people had sense of expensive for airfare especially. In this study, we developed Kishi's Logit PSM (KLP) improving Price Sensitivity Measurement (PSM) in order to evaluate airfare further from the viewpoint of passengers' consciousness. In addition, we carried out the investigation by KLP for passengers on airfare between Tokyo and Sapporo at Shin-Chitose Airport, and clarified passengers' evaluation of existing normal airfare.

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For raising the level of service in air transportation for the citizens, many local governments are eager to have new connections or more frequent aviation services. This paper discusses the possibility of “petition flights” which is subsidized by the local government by developping a model which consisits of behavior models of airline and passengers. Some cases of possible petition flights due to the network externality are found through numerical examples.

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The advance age society is the characteristic of industrialized countries. Japan is rapidly advancing the aging of population so that public service specific to the aged people must be a great concern. The benefit of investment to advanced age, but the cost should be burdened by not only them but also young people. Therefore we build A System of Cities Model with Over Lapping Generation, and analyze the effect the investment to local public goods for specific to aged people give nation wide spatial structure.

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In the 1990's, the labor migration in China has been making a lot of effects on the Chinese soiety. In this paper, by the examples of SiChuan and AnHui provinces where many migration workers are from, we analysied the effects of labor migration from rural aeras on the agriculture and the life of peasants. Our analysis shows that, at present, the labor migration from rural areas has been accelarating the economic development of inland rural area, but it also increases the differe nce in income between emigration farmers and non-emigration farmers, or between the developed areas and the developing areas. If such differece in income would increase more, it can be forecast that people who have high income farmers among those labor migration would abandon agriculture and move their home to urban areas.

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Importance of higher education and R & D have been known, because they accumulate the human capital and lead to the regional development. The choice of highereducation is the most important factor for mobility of young people, and it is said this is regarded as one of the reasons of population concentration. Educational system has been analyzed in fields of educational economics, but in that studies spatial models haven't been applied. Therefore we build a system of two generation and two cities model with human capital, and we evaluate population distribution patterns due to the educational investment and discuss the way of educational investment in order to relax the population concentration.

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The population of Metro Manila has increasing from 5, 926 thousand in 1980 to 9, 454thousand in 1995 because of migration from local regions. Now increase of population causes expansion of squatter and slum area and will cause more serious environmental problems. Upon reviewing previous urban model for predictingthe population increasing impact of the change of land use, authors shows that most of the notable models did not pay due attention to the lack of data in developing countries. Then, this research is analyzing the spatial distribution of land use and population, using a land use data of Metro Manila in 1986 and 1996.

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This thesis aims to identify the effects of industrial structure on net migration based on the population statistics and a series of regional input output tables. The fuzzy structural modeling is applied to find out the industrial structure. Prominent growth of tertiary industries was observed nationwide during the period of 1970 and 1990. However, a complex structure (many industry sectors have strong relationship each other) of the tertiary industries has picked up as the major reason of population growth.

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In the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 123 thousands buildings collapsed, and analysis of the reconstruction of damaged buildings is useful to understand some problems and future issues occurring in thereconstruction process as well as to grasp the progress of reconstruction in the affected areas. This study aims to reveal the reconstruction process of damaged buildings during three years after the earthquake, and characteristics of reconstructed buildings and use of vacant lots, and also analyze the factors which causes delays in the reconstruction. Thefindings of this study are based on the survey on the removal and reconstmction of collapsed buildings and survey questionnaire to affected residents, which were canied out by the authors in the eastern part of Higashinada-ku of Kobe City.

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Allocation plan of urban facilities such as parks must be considered as a combinatorial optimization problem of various facilities, since their location should depend on the viewpoint of land suitability evaluation. However, it is difficultto solve large-scale combinatorial optimization problems even by using an approximate algorithm. This paper formulated a two-dimensional allocation problem of parks and residents as functions included in the service distance concept as wellas land suitability evaluation. A model based on Hopfield Neural Network was developed to be an approximate algorithm under relaxation of equality constraints. The case study verified that the model was valid because it model could solve theanswers during practical time with precision.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between change of canal's function and landuse of the canal area. This is a case study of the Nakagawa canal in Nagoya city. The Nakagawa canal has been used for transportation of goods and material, that have a peak on a 1960's. The canal area has been designated as industrial district. New landuse for the citizen has been groped in these days.

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Relocation of government office will give a great influence to the land use in the surrounding area. And land use changes will affect to the urban function and urban traffic in particular. An impact analysis is carried out in Yamagata city based on the detailed information such as one lot based land use and a questionnaire survey of visitors to the office. It was found that more than twenty percent of companies (of newspaper, retail sale, semi-government company, bank and insurance, and architecture company which have a relation with local government) have moved together with the government.

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This paper aims at solving optimization problems for locating distribution centers as a first step of investigation of social distribution problems, which are actually presented in some company. We construct a multiechelon model based on transportation costs for selecting its location optimally by considering goods in stock, labor costs spent at the centers, rent on the centers and charge for management. In future, we try to develop this model to a more general one suited to optimization problems of social hub such as central hub and local hub in a broad area and investigate a construction of optimal hub system as a social infra.

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In recent years, regional policies have been great concerns in context of protection of the nature of rural area. It is necessary to distinguish the urban area and rural area, and argue taking the interaction of them. In these arguments, the point has been important that the multilateral function possessed by rural area gives externally effects. In this paper, we built the social economic model considered the regional characteristic of rural-urban and evaluated the some regional environmental promote policies. And in order to consider the fairness between urban and rural area, we try the benefit incidence analysis. Through the simulation, the benefit of the rural-urban transport improvement project has been measured, and it was cleared that external effects are one of the reasons at opinions that the rural-urban transport improvement project give little effects for correcting the regional difference.

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n suburban area around cities, due to housing development, many farmers stop farming, and many non-farming residents flow into the area.In the above cases, communities which are consisted of mixture of new settlers and old inhabitants are formed.In those communities, various problems are productive between new settlers and old inhabitants.Those problems are very influential to total evaluation for Life-Amenity of communities.In those communities, In this study, the composition of the regional community consisted of new settlers and old inhabitants are made clear by comparing the level of their satisfaction with infrastructure and regional community.

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In this study, changes in the shopping behavior in recent years are analyzed by using data of money flow in shopping consumption.As a result, everyday items are purchased mainly in cities and towns where the consumers live, and that the farther away from being daily necessities and more expensive the items become, the more shopping is done in the established shopping places of major cities and towns.Further, we leamed that the influence of the attractiveness of shopping places and of the travel time has both weakened over the years from the results of analysis using a shopping behavioral model.

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This study is assessment on the project of symbol-road and system of restoring ancient store-house, following three point of view, focusing on activation of central city area, as against most studies on assessment of residential street is only about road function.First, effects of road project looked at road function and landscaping of the street. Second, effects of road project on activation that is an aim of master plan.And third, roles of road project that agrees with inhabitants on contents of master plan.Moreover, it is study on agreement formulation function of road project measuring impact each stage of project.

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The purpose of this paper is understanding of character of enterprise at Manchester Urban Development Corporation (MC).First, MC has wide field of business and MC has ability to use subsidy and permition of development.Second, MC use subsidy to draw ability of private sector effectly. Third, MC has business field of high contribution.

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This paper proposes a new method to estimate confidence intervals of mean willingness to pay (WTP) measured by the closedended contingent valuation method (CECVM) surveys in a project which involves changes in environmental quality.One is for the mean WTP of each individual and the other is for the population mean WTP. These two confidence intervals are formulated in firms analytically tractable. Monte Carlo simulations are executed to illustrate performances of the proposed confidence intervals of mean WTP obtained by CECVM surveys.

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This paper presents a new methodology in order to give support to analyse the cyclist routes using a Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This methodology focus some specific cyclist travels characteristics that usually can not be considered by the measure difficulties. The topological elements such as land slope are identified from digital terrain model defined using GIS. These variables are considered in the definition of the cyclist route. In this context, GIS plays a fundamental role, fulfilling the gap of the transportation models.

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With a focus on public information about amenities of a city in disaster, this paper considers effects of the information on equilibrium land use patterns and social benefits achieved in the city. In the paper, we assume a monocentric linear city in which areas have different vulnerabilities against disaster. Models of residential choice behavior under provision of perfect or null information are formulated. By comparing equilibrium land use patterns and benefits, we examine the conditions such that provision of public information improves social benefits.

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After the Hansin Earthquake, it was insisted that improvement of the nationwide transportation network was necessary. In the event of another earthquake, damage to the network could cause problem, especially if there were a lack of substitute routes. For the purpose of identifying the weak points of the network, the author built a model to estimate the influences on the network and the traffic flow when an earthquake happens in some place, and developed indicators to evaluate the reliability of the network. Each indicator considers the risks of earthquakes around Japan. The simulation, using the model and indicators, clarifies the tendency for the traffic flow of each link to increase or decrease in the damaged network. Thus, the author could understand the weaknesses of the network, that is, identify the links which have high possibilities of being damaged by earthquakes, or which could cause great increase of costs to traffic flow once they are damaged.

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Under a great earthquake, it is important to consider automotive fires as a factor of risks against fire-spreading in urban areas, because even usually automotive fires ratio has been increased about 40% in this decade. In this study, we try to extend fire-spreading simulation system for automotive fires.
Firstly, we analyze the literatures about experiments of automotive fires. Secondly, we extend our simulation system

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In this paper, first of all, a calculation method of noise reduction from road traffic was proposed, when low barriers, which were 0.9 meters in height, were mounted on a roadside.Furthermore, field tests were done using a vehicle running at a constant speed in order to prove appropriateness of this calculation method. Secondly, whether low barriers on a road-side are available or not as a countermeasure against road traffic noise were investigated quantitatively. The study indicated that not only low barriers without an opening but also low barriers with an opening length of 1.5-6.0 meters is effective for reducing road traffic noise, that is, we can decrease the noise by about 5dB except the surroundings of an opening.

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To grasp the application range and the effect of countermeasure for 3-stories houses in horizontal direction against the road traffic vibration, we did a dynamic analysis using the mass point model.
By the parameter analysis result, we found that the effect of countermeasure depended on the combination of the house peculiar frequency and excelling frequency of the ground.When the TMD about 2% mass ratio is setting, in a lot of cases, it is possible to reduce amplification of vibration level about 2-7 dB.It found that the house vibration sometimes can be reduced about 10dB when the horizontal direction stiffness is raising twice.
It is possible to say that the simulation by dynamic analysis is important to estimate for the effect of countermeasure in horizontal direction against the road traffic vibration from these results.

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The study aims to evaluate the risk those who have injured when the disaster occurs. We define the two kinds of risk for the injured, one is the transport risk and the other is the medical confusion risk. Then we try to calculate the value of each risk through the simulation. As the results of the case study that an airplane accident might break out, it becomes clear that the transport risk and the medical confusion one have trade-off relation each other, and there is possibility of reducing the risk by traffic control.

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Traffic demand is treated on the basis of the Disaster Scenario. This analysis takes damage to water treatment system, shortage of foods and insufficiency of the necessities into account as the constrained life. Demand to dispose of debris from damaged buildings is also discussed. The demand on the earthquake day, at the 2 later day and at the 7 later day are approximately 170, 000 vehicles/day, 120, 000 vehicles/day and 310, 000 vehicles/day, respectively. Approximate 60% of these demand are associated with foods obtaining activities by dwellers who still live in malfunction houses. On the assumption of round trip, these are equivalent to 10%, 7% and 21% of usual OD demand, respectively.

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That is important problem to select the effective snow removing location within the limit of budget The purpose of this paper is to develop the optimum road repairing model for snow removing, and to apply it for the large size road netowark. In this paper, for difference of driver's behavior of after snow removing, The applying Genetic Algorithms optimum model is proposed. As the case study, the Sapporo city urban area road network is applied, and the effects of the GA method is confirmed.

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If disaster occurs and once dead, one never recovers his/her states alive any longer. One always has to be with disaster risks and never be free from them throughout one's life. In this paper, a dynamic model is formulated to investigate the life-long consumption and the demand for insurance. Then, we propose economic valuation methods of the benefits of investment for disaster prevention.

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The purpose of this paper is twofold i.e. to construct the model that can measure some benefit definitions under uncertainty within the context of multi-regional general equilibrium model and to classify thedesirable benefit definition for the flood control projects. In conclusion, we could see the robustness of our approach and the accuracy and availability of the benefit definitions under uncertainty.

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